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because this would help to address the concern of business management that controls are in place to help minimize the risk of critical IT systems being unavailable during month-end financial processing. Key risk indicators (KRIs) are metrics that measure the potential impact and likelihood of the risks that may affect the IT performance and outcomes, and provide early warning signals for taking corrective actions12. Action plans are specific steps and tasks that are designed to implement the risk response strategies, such as avoiding, reducing, transferring, or accepting the risks12. Developing KRIs and action plans can help the CIO to monitor and manage the risks of IT system unavailability, and to ensure that the expected benefits and value are realized. Developing KRIs and action plans can also help to communicate and report the risk scenarios and their consequences to business management, and to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the IT controls12.

This should be the first step to ensure that information can be traced to the originating event and accountable parties, as it helps to establish the authenticity, integrity, and reliability of the information. Source information and supporting evidence are the data and documents that provide the context, details, and proof of an information event, such as who, what, when, where, why, and how1. By capturing source information and supporting evidence, an enterprise can link the information to its source and originator, verify its accuracy and completeness, and identify its owner and custodian1. Capturing source information and supporting evidence can also help to comply with the legal and regulatory requirements for information traceability, such as data protection, privacy, audit, and e-discovery2. Capturing source information and supporting evidence is a prerequisite for the other options, such as improving business process controls, reviewing information event logs for potential incidents, and reviewing retention requirements for source information, as these activities depend on the availability and quality of the source information and supporting evidence.

Outcome measures are tools used to assess the effect, both positive and negative, of an intervention or treatment1. Outcome measures can indicate whether a change management process has been implemented successfully by comparing the actual results of the change with the expected or desired results2. Outcome measures can also help evaluate the impact of the change on the organization’s performance, quality, and value3. The other options are not the best indicators of successful change management implementation. Maturity levels are a way of assessing the degree of development and sophistication of a process, but they do not necessarily reflect the outcomes or benefits of the process4. Degree of control is a measure of how well aprocess is managed and monitored, but it does not capture the effectiveness or efficiency of the process. Process performance is a measure of how well a process meets its objectives and requirements, but it does not account for the outcomes or consequences of the process. References:

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Critical success factors (CSFs) are the essential elements or conditions that must be achieved for a project or program to be successful. CSFs help to define the scope, objectives, and expected outcomes of the project or program, as well as the key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics to measure and evaluate the progress and results. CSFs also help to align the project or program with the strategic goals and vision of the organization, and to communicate the value proposition and benefits to the stakeholders. Therefore, before launching a new program involving the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, an airline should define the CSFs to ensure that the program is feasible, desirable, and viable, and that it meets the business needs and expectations of the customers and the market. References := CGEIT Review Manual, Chapter 1: Framework for the Governance of Enterprise IT, Section 1.2: GEIT Principles, Subsection 1.2.3: Principle 3: Ensure Outcomes Are Delivered Through Effective Use of IT, Page 28.