Cisco 200-201 Dumps

Host-based firewalls are designed to protect individual workstations from unwanted traffic by filtering incoming and outgoing network communications based on predefined security rules. They can block unauthorized access attempts and prevent potentially harmful traffic from reaching the system.

The logs indicating multiple local TCP connection events are typically provided by a firewall. Firewalls are responsible for monitoring and controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules, and they generate logs that detail such events, which can be used for further analysis and incident response. References := Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals

Threat intelligence is crucial for organizations to understand the threats they are currently facing. It involves collecting, evaluating, and disseminating information about current or potential attacks that could affect an organization. This intelligence can help organizations prioritize their security measures based on the likelihood and potential impact of different threats. By using threat intelligence, organizations can be more proactive in their defense strategies and respond more effectively to cyber threats.

References: The Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) course emphasizes the importance of threat intelligence in monitoring security incidents and responding to them

FAT is a file system that organizes and stores data on a disk. However, FAT has a limitation of 4 GB for the maximum file size, which means that any file larger than that will be corrupted. To resolve this issue, the engineer can use FAT32, which is an improved version of FAT that supports files up to 32 GB. Alternatively, the engineer can use other file systems that have higher file size limits, such as Ext4 or NTFS. References := Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals, Module 5: Security Policies and Procedures, Lesson 5.1: Data Retention, Topic 5.1.1: Data Retention Policies and Procedures

Port scanning is a technique that an attacker uses to discover which network ports are open, closed, or filtered on a target device. By sending packets to different ports and observing the responses, an attacker can identify the services and applications running on the device, as well as potential vulnerabilities that can be exploited. Port scanning is a common reconnaissance activity that precedes an attack. References: Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) - Cisco, page 2-6; 200-201 CBROPS - Cisco, exam topic 1.1.a

 Full packet capture provides the complete recording of all the packets that are transmitted over the network. This data is essential for in-depth analysis during an investigation, as it allows investigators to reconstruct the session, observe the content of the traffic, and determine if data exfiltration has occurred.

References: Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) study materials would typically cover the importance of full packet capture in network forensics and incident response.

 Separation of duties is a security principle that requires more than one person to perform a critical task, such as authorizing a transaction, approving a budget, or granting access to sensitive data. Separation of duties reduces the risk of fraud, error, abuse, or conflict of interest by preventing any single person from having too much power or privilege. Least privilege, need to know, and due diligence are other security principles, but they do not require more than one person to perform a critical task. References: Separation of Duty (SOD) - Glossary | CSRC - NIST Computer Security …, Separation of Duties | Imperva

In cybersecurity, a threat is any potential malicious attack or event that can harm an organization, while a risk is the potential damage or loss that could occur if a threat exploits a vulnerability. Therefore, risk is considered the intersection of threats and vulnerabilities, representing the likelihood and impact of a threat materializing.

The exhibit shows a UNIX command being used to filter data from an Apache access log file. The use of “cat” to display the content of the log file, “grep” to filter specific IP addresses, and “cut” to organize the output are all indicative of operations performed on a UNIX-based system. Additionally, the structure of the logs (GET requests) aligns with the format typically found in Apache server logs. References := The Cisco Cybersecurity source documents or study guide are not directly referenced here as I need to search for specific content related to this question.

 In TCP/IP networking, the ACK flag is used to acknowledge the receipt of a packet. It’s a way to confirm that the previous packets have been received and that the connection is proceeding as expected. The RST flag, on the other hand, is used to reset the connection. It is sent if a segment arrives which is not intended for the current connection, or if a connection request is to be denied. Essentially, the ACK flag is about maintaining the established connection, while the RST flag is about aborting connections that are not valid or are no longer needed123.

References: The information provided is based on standard TCP/IP protocol behavior as described in networking resources and Cisco’s cybersecurity documentation

NetFlow is a network protocol developed by Cisco for collecting IP traffic information and monitoring network traffic. It collects metadata of the IP traffic flowing across networking devices like routers and switches. On the other hand, Traffic mirroring involves capturing all the data packets that flow through a particular point in the network to analyze or inspect them later. References := Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals

 A threat represents a potential danger that could exploit a weakness in a system while risk is associated with the potential impact or loss that could occur if a threat exploits a vulnerability in the system. So, option A which states “Threat represents a potential danger that could take advantage of a weakness in a system” is correct. References := Cisco Certified CyberOps Associate Overview

 The event described falls under the ‘action on objectives’ category of the Cyber Kill Chain. This stage occurs after the attacker has established a foothold within the network and begins to execute their intended actions, such as data exfiltration. References: The Cyber Kill Chain framework outlines the stages of a cyberattack, with ‘action on objectives’ being the final step where attackers achieve their primary goal, such as data theft

When analyzing Wireshark traffic for potential attacks, an engineer should look for patterns that indicate abnormal behavior, such as:

• Excessive Requests: A high number of requests over a short period could suggest an attempt to overwhelm the server, known as an HTTP flood.
• Status Codes: Repeated 403 Forbidden responses may indicate that the server is rejecting requests due to a security rule being triggered.
• Request Types: A mix of GET and POST requests could be used in various attack scenarios, including bandwidth flooding or cache bypassing.

An untampered disk image is one that has not been altered since its creation. This is verified by comparing the stored hash of the image at the time of creation with a newly computed hash; if they match, the image is considered untampered. Tampered images, on the other hand, may be used during the root cause analysis process to understand how and what was altered12. References: The differences between tampered and untampered disk images are discussed in cybersecurity literature, including Cisco’s certification guides, which explain the importance of hash matching for verifying the integrity of disk images

The Cuckoo report indicates that the file is a PE32 executable for MS Windows, which is typically an executable file format. The presence of the watermark “CHINESEDUMPS” and the detection ratio from VirusTotal suggest that the file is recognized by multiple antivirus engines as potentially harmful. This aligns with option A, suggesting that the file, named Win32.polip.a.exe, should be considered malicious and flagged accordingly.

References: The information provided is based on standard practices for analyzing potentially malicious files using tools like Cuckoo and services like VirusTotal, which are commonly referenced in cybersecurity documentation, including Cisco’s cybersecurity training materials.

After a breach has been discovered and the immediate threat has been addressed by identifying and removing the threat’s access, the next step according to the NIST SP 800-61 Incident Handling Guide is to recover from the threat. This involves restoring systems to normal operation, confirming that the systems are functioning normally, and applying patches or other remediation measures to prevent similar breaches in the future1.

References :=

• Understanding NIST SP 800-61: The Computer Security Incident Handling Guide

HTTPS uses SSL/TLS encryption to secure data transmission over the internet. This encryption makes it difficult to monitor HTTPS traffic because the data packets are encrypted making them unreadable to anyone trying to intercept or monitor the data without proper decryption keys. References := Cisco CyberOps Associate

The operation described is characteristic of the fork() system call in Linux, which is used to create a new process. The fork() system call generates a new process by duplicating the calling (parent) process. If the fork() is successful, the PID of the child process is returned to the parent process, and a 0 value is returned to the child process. If unsuccessful, a negative value is returned2.

References :=

• How to create a process in Linux? - Online Tutorials Library

 The PCAP file in the exhibit shows a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) communication between two IP addresses. In the data section of the packet capture, “pdy/3.1… http/1” is visible, indicating that HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is being used as the application protocol for this communication.

References := The Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) course material covers the analysis of network traffic using tools like packet analyzers to identify application protocols in use1.

 The PCAP file in the exhibit shows a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) communication between two IP addresses. In the data section of the packet capture, “pdy/3.1… http/1” is visible, indicating that HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is being used as the application protocol for this communication.

References := The Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) course material covers the analysis of network traffic using tools like packet analyzers to identify application protocols in use1.

The exhibit shows an event log file with fields like date time action protocol src-ip dst-ip src-port dst-port etc., which are typical in Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) or Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS). These systems monitor network traffic for suspicious activity or violations of policies and produce reports as seen in the exhibit. References: Cisco Certified CyberOps Associate Overview

 In the context of incident response, the detection step involves identifying potential security incidents. The Security Operation Center (SOC) Analyst, which in this case is Employee 4, is typically responsible for monitoring and analyzing security alerts to detect suspicious activities such as brute-force attempts. Therefore, Employee 4 would be the stakeholder responsible for the incident response detection step. References: The role of a SOC Analyst in incident response is outlined in cybersecurity frameworks and best practices, which describe the responsibilities of various stakeholders in detecting and responding to security incidents.

A vulnerability management framework is a set of processes and tools that helps an organization identify, assess, prioritize, remediate, and mitigate system vulnerabilities. A vulnerability management framework aims to reduce the attack surface and the risk of compromise by applying security patches, hardening configurations, implementing security controls, and monitoring the system status. A vulnerability management framework is an essential component of a security operations center (SOC). References: Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) - Cisco, page 2-14; 200-201 CBROPS - Cisco, exam topic 1.2.b

 In the context of NIST’s incident response guidelines, management is responsible for coordinating incident response among various business units, minimizing damage, and reporting to regulatory agencies. Management plays a key role in overseeing the incident response process to ensure that it is carried out effectively across all parts of the organization and that compliance with legal and regulatory requirements is maintained12.

References :=

• NIST SP 800-61 Rev. 2, Computer Security Incident Handling Guide1.
• InfraExam’s discussion on incident response stakeholder responsibilities

 In the context of public key infrastructure (PKI), a trusted certificate authority (CA) is responsible for issuing digital certificates that verify a digital entity’s identity on the internet. The CA acts as a trusted third party between the user (in this case, tom0411976943) and the recipient (dan1968754032), ensuring that the public keys are indeed who they claim to be. The CA verifies the identity of the users and then issues a certificate containing the public key and a variety of other identification information. The trusted CA can then vouch for the authenticity of each user to the other.

References: Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS)

Social engineering is a type of testing method that involves manipulating or deceiving people into performing actions or divulging information that can compromise the security of the organization. Social engineering can take various forms, such as phishing, vishing, baiting, quid pro quo, or impersonation. The scenario in the question is an example of a phishing attack, where the intruder sent an email to the user that appeared to be legitimate and contained a malicious link that infected the user’s machine and allowed the intruder to access the corporate network. References: [Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) - Module 6: Security Incident Investigations]

Full packet capture data involves storing the entire content of packets that traverse a network. This type of data is comprehensive and allows for detailed analysis but requires a significant amount of storage space compared to other data types like transaction, statistical, or session data. References := Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals - Module 3: Network Data and Event Analysis

 Deep packet inspection (DPI) and stateful inspection are two techniques that are used by firewalls and other network security devices to inspect and filter network traffic. Stateful inspection allows visibility on Layer 4 (transport layer) of the OSI model, which means it can track the state of TCP or UDP connections and filter packets based on source and destination IP addresses, ports, and protocols. Deep packet inspection allows visibility on Layer 7 (application layer) of the OSI model, which means it can inspect the contents and payloads of packets and filter packets based on application-specific criteria, such as signatures, keywords, URLs, or behaviors. References:

• Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) v1.0, Module 2: Security Monitoring, Lesson 2.2: Network Security Monitoring Tools
• Cisco Certified CyberOps Associate Overview, Exam Topics, 2.2 Describe the impact of network security monitoring tools on data privacy

Delivery is the fourth phase of the cyber kill chain, which is a model to describe the stages of a cyberattack. Delivery refers to the transmission of the weaponized payload to the target system, such as via email attachments, web links, USB drives, or network connections. Delivery does not necessarily imply successful installation or execution of the payload, which are subsequent phases of the kill chain. References := Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) - Cisco, page 31.

 When a server is experiencing high CPU and memory load, the first step is to identify the processes that are consuming the most resources. The command “ps -ef” is used to display information about all the running processes, including their IDs, memory and CPU usage, and the commands that started them. This allows the engineer to pinpoint which processes are responsible for the high load and take appropriate action, such as terminating unnecessary processes or optimizing resource usage345. References: Various resources on server management and troubleshooting recommend using the “ps -ef” command as a starting point for investigating high resource usage on servers

An attack surface is the sum of all the points where an attacker can try to enter or extract data from an environment. It includes all the hardware, software, network, and human components that are exposed to potential threats. An attack vector is the path or means by which an attacker can exploit a vulnerability in the attack surface. It describes the type, source, and technique of an attack, such as phishing, malware, denial-of-service, etc. References := Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) v1.0, Module 1: Security Concepts, Lesson 1.1: The CIA Triad and Security Concepts, Topic 1.1.3: Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Exploits

• According to NIST SP800-61, the incident response lifecycle consists of four phases: Preparation, Detection and Analysis, Containment, Eradication and Recovery, and Post-Incident Activity.
• When a SOC team member checks the Cisco Firepower Manager dashboard for further isolation actions, they are working within the Eradication and Recovery phase.
• This phase focuses on removing the threat from the environment and recovering affected systems to normal operations.

References

• NIST SP800-61 Computer Security Incident Handling Guide
• Incident Response Phases Explained
• Role of SOC in Incident Response

• A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack involves multiple compromised devices (botnet) sending a large number of requests to a target server to overwhelm it.
• In a specific type of DDoS attack known as an NTP amplification attack, the attacker exploits the Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers by sending small queries with a spoofed source IP address (the target’s IP).
• The NTP server responds with a much larger reply to the target’s IP address, thereby amplifying the traffic directed at the target.
• This reflection and amplification technique significantly increases the volume of traffic sent to the target, causing denial of service.

References

• OWASP DDoS Attack Overview
• NTP Amplification Attack Explained
• Understanding Botnets and Distributed Attacks

Application whitelisting/blacklisting is a technology used to control which applications are allowed to execute on a company’s corporate PCs. Whitelisting allows only approved applications to run, while blacklisting prevents specific applications from running. This approach is effective for managing application usage across an enterprise.

Exploitation - The targeted Environment is taken advantage of triggering the threat actor's code

Installation - Backdoor is placed on the victim system allowing the threat actor to maintain the persistence.

Command and Control - An outbound connection is established to an Internet-based controller server.

Actions and Objectives - The threat actor takes actions to violate data integrity and availability

Personally Identifiable Information (PII) refers to any data that can be used to identify a specific individual. Safeguarding PII is critical to protect individuals’ privacy and prevent identity theft. A driver’s license number (B) is considered PII because it is unique to an individual and can be used to confirm their identity. Other examples of PII include social security numbers, passport numbers, and financial account numbers. It is important to protect such information from unauthorized access to maintain personal privacy and security.

References: Identifying and Safeguarding Personally Identifiable Information (PII)2.

The file that is extractable via TCP stream within Wireshark is the one that has the Content-Type header set to application/octet-stream, which indicates binary data. This header is present in frames 7, 14, and 21, which are part of the same TCP stream. The other frames have different Content-Type headers, such as text/html or image/jpeg, which are not extractable as binary files. References := Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) v1.0, Module 3: Network Intrusion Analysis, Lesson 3.2: Analyze Data from Common TCP/IP Protocols, Topic 3.2.3: HTTP

Stealthwatch is the technology that an engineer should use to fetch logs from a proxy server and generate actual events based on the data received. Cisco Secure Network Analytics, formerly known as Stealthwatch, provides the capability to configure proxy server logs so that the Flow Collector can receive the information. The Stealthwatch Management Console then displays this information on the Flow Proxy Records page, which includes URLs and application names of the traffic inside a network going through the proxy server1.

References :=

• Cisco Secure Network Analytics Proxy Log Configuration Guide

The command “$ cuckoo submit --machine cuckoo1 /path/to/binary” indicates that a binary located at “/path/to/binary” is being submitted to be run on a virtual machine named “cuckoo1”. This is a common practice in cybersecurity to analyze the behavior of suspicious files in an isolated environment. References: Cisco Cybersecurity documents or resources are needed for more detailed information.

Enabling the “Allow subdissector to reassemble TCP streams” feature in Wireshark allows the tool to reassemble TCP segments into a contiguous sequence, which can be used by higher-level protocols to reconstruct a full message, such as an HTTP request or response. This is particularly useful for extracting files or data transmitted over TCP that are spread across multiple packets1.

References := The explanation is based on the Wireshark documentation, which details how the reassembly feature works and its use in analyzing TCP streams

The scenario described involves an attacker conducting an aggressive ARP scan followed by multiple SSH Server Banner and Key Exchange Initiations. The lack of visibility into the encrypted data transmitted over the SSH channel suggests that the attacker may have gained access by brute-forcing the SSH service. This method involves attempting numerous combinations of usernames and passwords until the correct credentials are found, allowing unauthorized access to the server.

References:

• Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) course1.
• Cisco Cybersecurity documents and resources

• The image shows a piece of code within a bordered rectangular area.
• It is a string of HTML code that appears to be an example of an attack, specifically “”.
• The code suggests an attempt to execute JavaScript within an image source attribute, indicative of a cross-site scripting attack.

User interaction is any event that requires the user to perform an action that enables or facilitates a cyberattack. Opening a malicious file is an example of user interaction, as it can trigger the execution of malicious code or malware that can compromise the system or network. Gaining root access, executing remote code, and reading and writing file permissions are not user interactions, but rather actions that can be performed by an attacker after exploiting a vulnerability or bypassing security controls. References: Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) - Cisco, More than 99% of cyberattacks rely on human interaction

Protected data refers to any information that can be used on its own or with other information to identify, contact, or locate a single person, or to identify an individual in context. In the scenario described, the engineer must identify data that is considered protected under privacy laws and regulations. Personal Identifiable Information (PII) and Protected Health Information (PHI) are two types of data that are considered protected. PII includes any data that could potentially identify a specific individual, such as addresses and gender. PHI refers to any information about health status, provision of health care, or payment for health care that can be linked to an individual. This is what makes both PII and PHI crucial to be identified and protected in compliance with data protection regulations.

References: The Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) course provides insights into identifying protected data and the importance of safeguarding it within a network1.

 In the context of a cybersecurity breach, attribution involves identifying the responsible party. Since the external USB device was not found, the focus shifts to the actions performed by the receptionist. Analyzing these actions can provide insights into how the breach occurred and may help in attributing the incident to the threat actor

References := Cisco Certified CyberOps Associate 200-201 Certification Guide

 In NetFlow log sessions within TCP connections; ACK flag is used for acknowledging that data has been successfully received while RST flag is used when there’s an error or when closing a connection spontaneously without following standard procedures. References := Cisco Cybersecurity source documents or study guide

When a company workstation is compromised, the stakeholders that must be involved are the ones who are responsible for the security incident response process. According to the table, these are Employee 4 (Security Operation Center Analyst), Employee 6 (Head of Network and Security Infrastructure Services), and Employee 7 (Technical Director). The other employees have different roles that are not directly related to the incident response process, such as accounting, financial management, or system administration. References := Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) v1.0, Module 1: Security Concepts, Lesson 1.4: Security Monitoring, Topic 1.4.1: Security Operations Center

The packet capture exhibit shows that the source IP address is 192.168.122.100 and it is sending a packet from source port 50272 to destination port 80 of destination IP address 81.179.179.69 using TCP protocol. The TCP protocol is indicated by the Protocol field which has the value 6. The source and destination ports are indicated by the SrcPort and DstPort fields respectively. The source and destination IP addresses are indicated by the SrcAddr and DstAddr fields respectively. References := Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals - Module 3: Network Data and Event Analysis

 During the negotiation phase of the TLS handshake, the client sends a “ClientHello” message to the server which includes information about TLS versions it supports, cipher-suites it supports and suggested compression methods. This initiates communication protocols for secure connection. References := Cisco Cybersecurity source documents or study guide

Based on the image details, the exhibit shows a series of HTTP requests with the method GET, which are used to retrieve data from a web server. There is no evidence of any malicious payload or parameter in these requests, so they are likely regular GET requests. The other options are types of web application attacks that exploit different vulnerabilities, such as XML External Entities, insecure deserialization, and cross-site scripting. References := Cisco Cybersecurity

 The discrepancy described suggests that the system had a Host Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) installed. HIDS are designed to monitor and analyze the internals of a computing system for signs of intrusion and policy violations. While they can detect unauthorized activities, they do not take direct action to stop an attack; this is typically the role of an intrusion prevention system. Therefore, the alert was generated, but no mitigation action was taken because the HIDS does not have the capability to intervene.

References := The Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) course material covers the functions and limitations of various security systems, including HIDS, and their role within a Security Operations Center (SOC)1.

Digital certificates are electronic documents that use public key cryptography to verify the identity and authenticity of the sender and the receiver of encrypted communications. Digital certificates are issued and signed by trusted entities called certificate authorities (CAs), and they contain information such as the public key, the name, and the expiration date of the certificate. Digital certificates enable network security devices to decrypt perimeter traffic and inspect it for command and control communications or other malicious activity. References := Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) - Cisco, page 51.

Digital certificates are essential for decrypting ingress and egress perimeter traffic, as they provide the necessary encryption keys for secure communications. By using digital certificates, network security devices can inspect the decrypted traffic to detect any malicious outbound communications that may indicate command-and-control activity.

The exhibit shows a Stealthwatch dashboard displaying information on alarming hosts, alarms by type, and today’s alarms. On the left side under “Top Alarming Hosts,” there are five host IP addresses listed with their respective categories indicating different types of alerts including ‘Data Hoarding’ and ‘Exfiltration.’ In “Alarms by Type” section at center top part of image shows bar graphs representing various alarm types including ‘Crypto Violation’ with their respective counts. On right side under “Today’s Alarms,” there’s a table showing the details of each alarm such as the host IP, the alarm type, the severity, and the time. The potential threat identified in this dashboard is that host 10.201.3.149 is receiving almost 19 times more data than is being sent to host 152.46.6.91, which is a sign of data exfiltration. Data exfiltration is the unauthorized transfer of data from a compromised system to an external destination, such as a command and control server or a malicious actor. This can result in data loss, breach of confidentiality, and damage to the organization’s reputation and assets. References := Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals - Module 7: Network and Host Forensics

Wireshark is a widely-used network protocol analyzer that allows users to capture and interactively browse the traffic running on a computer network. It provides full packet capture capabilities, enabling detailed analysis of network traffic. References: This is supported by the CBROPS course materials, which discuss security monitoring and the analysis of network traffic, including full packet capture tools like Wireshark

The ‘detection and analysis’ phase of incident response includes identifying all hosts affected by an attack. This step involves analyzing the scope of the incident, determining which systems and data are impacted, and understanding the nature of the attack to inform subsequent containment and eradication efforts45.

References :=

• CrowdStrike’s overview of incident response frameworks and steps4.
• VCEGuide’s explanation of incident response steps

A buffer overflow attack occurs when more data is written to a buffer than it is designed to hold. This excess data can overwrite adjacent memory locations, leading to the execution of malicious code or crashing the system. Buffer overflows are a common vulnerability that attackers exploit to gain unauthorized access to systems.

References: Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS)

A regular expression (regex) is a sequence of characters that defines a search pattern for text. A regex can be used to extract custom properties from log messages or events in a SIEM platform. In this case, the regex that matches the phrase “File: Clean” exactly is ^File: Clean$. The ^ symbol indicates the beginning of the line and the $ symbol indicates the end of the line. The regex ensures that no other characters are before or after the phrase. References:

• Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) - Cisco, Module 5: Security Policies and Procedures, Lesson 5.3: Data and Event Analysis
• 200-201 CBROPS - Cisco, Exam Topics, 5.0 Security Policies and Procedures, 5.3 Analyze data as part of security monitoring activities
• Cisco Certified CyberOps Associate Overview - Cisco Learning Network, Videos, 5.3 Analyze data as part of security monitoring activities

 ARP cache poisoning is a type of attack that intercepts traffic on a switched network by sending spoofed ARP messages to associate the attacker’s MAC address with the IP address of a legitimate host or gateway. This way, the attacker can redirect the traffic intended for the legitimate host or gateway to his own device and perform a man-in-the-middle attack. References := Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals

Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) provides a unified way for users to request system information, including hardware and software inventory data. The Common Information Model (CIM) is an open standard that defines how managed elements in an IT environment are represented as a common set of objects and relationships between them. References:

SQL injection is a type of vulnerability that allows an attacker to execute malicious SQL statements on a database server. This can result in reading, writing, or erasing information from the database, as well as bypassing authentication, executing commands, or compromising the server. SQL injection exploits the lack of input validation or output encoding in web applications that interact with databases. References := Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals, Module 1: Security Concepts, Lesson 1.3: Common Network Application Operations and Attacks, Topic 1.3.2: Web Application Attacks

False positives and false negatives are terms used to describe the accuracy of security alerts. A false positive occurs when a security system incorrectly identifies benign activity as malicious, leading to unnecessary investigation and potential disruption of legitimate activities. Conversely, a false negative happens when a security system fails to detect actual malicious activity, allowing the attackers to proceed undetected. The impact of false positives is generally wasted time and resources investigating non-issues, while the impact of false negatives can be much more severe, potentially leading to undetected breaches and significant damage.

References: The CBROPS curriculum covers the concepts of false positives and false negatives in the context of security monitoring and alerting systems

The file in question, which contains logs of unsuccessful login attempts from an unknown IP address, is considered indirect evidence. It suggests that there may have been an attempt to gain unauthorized access, but it does not directly prove who was responsible for the attempts. Indirect evidence can be used to support other evidence that may lead to a direct identification of the threat actor. References: Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) and other Cisco cybersecurity resources provide information on how to analyze and categorize different types of evidence in the context of security incidents.

With stronger data visibility, detailed information about the data in real-time is provided. This enhanced visibility allows for a more comprehensive analysis of network traffic, enabling security professionals to identify and mitigate threats more effectively. References := Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals

 TOR, or The Onion Router, is designed to conceal a user’s location and usage from anyone conducting network surveillance or traffic analysis. Using TOR makes it more difficult to trace internet activity, including “visits to Web sites, online posts, instant messages, and other communication forms,” back to the user1. It is intended to protect the personal privacy of users, as well as their freedom and ability to conduct confidential communication by keeping their internet activities unmonitored. Within an organization, the use of TOR can decrease visibility into data traffic because it encrypts the data multiple times and routes it through a series of servers operated by volunteers around the globe. This makes network monitoring and data visibility challenging for cybersecurity professionals within the organization. References: Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS)

DDoS attacks are divided into two categories: reflected and direct. Reflected attacks use a third-party system to amplify the attack traffic and send it to the target. For example, an attacker can send a spoofed request to a DNS server, which will reply with a large amount of data to the target’s IP address. Direct attacks send the attack traffic directly from the attacker’s system or a botnet to the target. For example, an attacker can send a large number of SYN packets to the target’s port, exhausting its resources. References := Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals, Module 1: Security Concepts, Lesson 1.3: Common Network Application Operations and Attacks, Topic 1.3.4: Denial-of-Service Attacks

 Encryption ensures that data is secure and unreadable to unauthorized individuals without the proper decryption key. It is a critical aspect of maintaining data confidentiality and security, especially in the transmission of sensitive information over potentially insecure networks1.

References := What Is Encryption? Explanation and Types - Cisco

Indirect evidence is evidence that does not directly prove a fact, but rather implies or infers it from other facts or circumstances. Indirect evidence is also known as circumstantial evidence or corroborating evidence. A video of a suspect entering a data center that was captured on the same day that files in the same data center were transferred to a competitor is an example of indirect evidence, because it does not directly show that the suspect was involved in the file transfer, but rather suggests a possible connection or correlation between the two events. References := Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) v1.0, Module 5: Security Policies and Procedures, Lesson 5.3: Digital Forensics, Topic 5.3.1: Evidence, page 5-24.

Full packet captures are essential for troubleshooting security and performance issues as they provide detailed information on network traffic (option B). They also allow for reassembling fragmented traffic from raw data, enabling analysts to review complete transactions or sessions (option C). References := Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals - Module 3: Network Data and Event Analysis

Reflective XSS, also known as Non-Persistent XSS, occurs when an attacker sends a malicious script to a user through a web application, and the script is executed immediately in the user’s browser without being stored on the server. This type of attack is typically carried out by including the malicious script in a URL, which is then sent to the victim. When the victim clicks on the link, the script runs in their browser, reflecting the attacker’s actions without storing the payload for repeated use12. References: OWASP Foundation’s documentation on Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) provides detailed information on the different types of XSS attacks, including Reflective XSS

 Full packet capture requires the largest amount of storage space because it involves recording all packets that pass through a network, including all headers and payloads. This type of data collection is comprehensive and allows for detailed analysis, but due to the volume of data it encompasses, it demands significant storage capacity1.

References := The Cisco Secure Network Analytics Data Store Design Guide discusses the storage requirements for different types of network data collection, highlighting the substantial storage needs for full packet captures1.

Agent-based monitoring: With agent-based monitoring, software agents are installed on the monitored systems or devices. These agents collect data locally, perform filtering or preprocessing of the data, and then transmit the relevant or valuable information to the monitoring system. Agent-based monitoring allows for local processing and filtering, which can reduce network utilization by only transmitting essential data. Agentless monitoring: Agentless monitoring, on the other hand, does not require software agents to be installed on the monitored systems or devices. Instead, it relies on leveraging existing protocols and interfaces, such as APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) or SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), to remotely access and retrieve monitoring data from the target systems. Agentless monitoring generally involves higher network utilization as the monitoring system needs to gather data from remote systems over the network.

Exploitation - The targeted Environment is taken advantage of triggering the threat actor's code

Installation - Backdoor is placed on the victim system allowing the threat actor to maintain the persistence.

Command and Control - An outbound connection is established to an Internet-based controller server.

Actions and Objectives - The threat actor takes actions to violate data integrity and availability

The purpose of command and control (C&C) for network-aware malware is to allow an attacker to remotely control compromised systems. This includes sending commands to the malware, receiving data from the infected host, and updating the malware to evade detection or enhance its capabilities.

References: The CBROPS course materials cover the topic of network-aware malware and the role of command and control servers in managing such malware

During the examination phase of the forensic process, digital forensic investigators use various tools and techniques to extract and analyze information from the collected data. This phase involves detailed scrutiny of the data to uncover relevant evidence and is critical for the success of the forensic investigation.

References: The explanation aligns with the standard phases of digital forensics, which include identification, preservation, examination, documentation, and presentation as outlined in digital forensics literature and guidelines.

To search for additional downloads of a malicious file by other hosts, the file hash value is needed. The hash value provides a unique identifier for each specific file version, enabling cybersecurity professionals to track down identical files across networks. References := Cisco Certified CyberOps Associate Overview

 In the context of Linux systems, each active program is tracked using a process identification number (PID). The PID is a unique number that the system uses to refer to a specific process, which is an instance of an executed program. This allows the system and the SOC analyst to monitor and manage different processes, including those initiated by users, the system itself, or by applications.

References := Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) training material provides insights into how a Security Operations Center (SOC) operates and the tools and data used by analysts to monitor and investigate security incidents, including the tracking of active programs on system

 The regex [a−z]+ matches one or more lowercase letters from a to z. The plus sign (+) indicates that the preceding character set [a−z] can appear one or more times, thus matching strings of only lowercase letters1.

References := This explanation is consistent with standard regex syntax as described in various programming and scripting languages documentation

• A greylist in endpoint applications refers to a list of items that are not yet classified as either good (whitelisted) or bad (blacklisted).
• The primary function of a greylist is to hold applications, processes, or files that are under observation due to their unknown status.
• These items are neither trusted nor immediately flagged as harmful, allowing security teams to monitor them closely for any suspicious behavior.
• By placing items on a greylist, security operations can prevent potential threats without disrupting legitimate processes, awaiting further analysis to determine their true nature.

References

• Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals
• Endpoint Security Best Practices
• Greylisting Concepts in Cybersecurity

The Stealthwatch dashboard indicates that there is an active policy violation associated with host 10.201.3.149. Stealthwatch is a security analytics tool that uses network telemetry to detect and respond to threats. In this case, the dashboard has flagged a policy violation, which means that activity from this host has been detected that goes against the defined security policies, potentially indicating a security threat or unauthorized access.

References := Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) training material, which includes information on how to use tools like Stealthwatch to monitor network traffic and identify potential security threats1.

 Indicators of Compromise (IoC) are pieces of forensic data, such as system log entries or files, that suggest an intrusion may have occurred. Indicators of Attack (IoA) are signs that an attack may be underway, allowing organizations to take action before any potential breach occurs.

References: The CBROPS course materials cover the concepts of IoC and IoA, explaining how they are used in cybersecurity operations to detect and prevent security incidents.

• Data encapsulation is a process in networking where the protocol stack of the sending host adds headers (and sometimes trailers) to the data.
• Each layer of the OSI or TCP/IP model adds its own header to the data as it passes down the layers, preparing it for transmission over the network.
• For example, in the TCP/IP model, data starts at the application layer and is encapsulated at each subsequent layer (Transport, Internet, and Network Access) before being transmitted.
• This encapsulation ensures that the data is correctly formatted and routed to its destination, where the headers are stripped off in reverse order by the receiving host.

References

• Networking Fundamentals by Cisco
• OSI Model and Data Encapsulation Process
• Understanding TCP/IP Encapsulation

The exhibit shows a Stealthwatch dashboard displaying information on alarming hosts, alarms by type, and today’s alarms. On the left side under “Top Alarming Hosts,” there are five host IP addresses listed with their respective categories indicating different types of alerts including ‘Data Hoarding’ and ‘Exfiltration.’ In “Alarms by Type” section at center top part of image shows bar graphs representing various alarm types including ‘Crypto Violation’ with their respective counts. On right side under “Today’s Alarms,” there’s a table showing the details of each alarm such as the host IP, the alarm type, the severity, and the time. The potential threat identified in this dashboard is that there are two active data exfiltration alerts, one for host 10.201.3.149 and another for host 10.10.101.24. Data exfiltration is the unauthorized transfer of data from a compromised system to an external destination, such as a command and control server or a malicious actor. This can result in data loss, breach of confidentiality, and damage to the organization’s reputation and assets. References := Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals - Module 7: Network and Host Forensics

• Rule-based detection methods rely on predefined rules and patterns that are known beforehand. These rules are created based on prior knowledge of what constitutes normal and abnormal behavior.
• Statistical detection, on the other hand, involves analyzing data to identify anomalies. It is based on assumptions about what normal behavior looks like and uses statistical methods to detect deviations from this norm.
• Rule-based systems are typically straightforward but may miss novel attacks that do not match existing rules.
• Statistical methods can detect previously unknown threats by recognizing patterns that deviate from established baselines but may produce more false positives.

References

• Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) Concepts
• Comparative Studies on Rule-based and Statistical Anomaly Detection
• Understanding Anomaly Detection in Network Security

A load balancer is the correct technology to implement a solution that makes routing decisions based on HTTP header, uniform resource identifier (URI), and SSL session ID attributes. Load balancers can inspect incoming traffic and make routing decisions to distribute the traffic across multiple servers based on various attributes, including the ones mentioned, to ensure optimal resource use and efficient traffic management12.

References :=

• Cisco Unified Border Element Configuration Guide1.
• URI based outbound Dial-peer configuration on CUBE - Cisco Community

The packet capture shows that IP address 192.168.88.149, using source port 80 (common for HTTP traffic), initiated communication with IP address 192.168.88.12 at destination port 49098, using the TCP protocol, indicating a typical client-server interaction over the web.

References: = These explanations are based on general cybersecurity principles as outlined in Cisco’s training and certification content, such as the Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) and other related Cisco resources.

 CDFS stands for Compact Disc File System, which is a file system used by Mac OS to store data on CDs. CDFS is also known as ISO 9660, which is a standard format for data interchange on optical discs. CDFS allows files to be accessed by different operating systems, such as Windows, Linux, and Mac OS. Therefore, an ISO file that is stored in CDFS format is data from a CD copied using Mac-based system. References := Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) v1.0, Module 4: Network Intrusion Analysis, Lesson 4.4: File Type Analysis, Topic 4.4.1: File Systems, page 4-40.

 In Wireshark, to filter traffic for a specific LAN, the correct syntax uses ip.src== and ip.dst== to specify the source and destination IP addresses. The /16 denotes the subnet mask, indicating that we are interested in the entire 10.11.x.x range. This filter will show all traffic where both the source and destination IP addresses fall within the specified LAN, excluding any internet traffic. References: The information is based on the Understanding Cisco Cybersecurity Operations Fundamentals (CBROPS) course, which covers network intrusion analysis and the use of tools like Wireshark for traffic analysis1.

An untampered disk image is one that has not been altered since its creation. This is verified by comparing the stored hash of the image at the time of creation with a newly computed hash; if they match, the image is considered untampered. Tampered images, on the other hand, may be used during the root cause analysis process to understand how and what was altered12. References: The differences between tampered and untampered disk images are discussed in cybersecurity literature, including Cisco’s certification guides, which explain the importance of hash matching for verifying the integrity of disk images