Isaca Certification CISM Release Date

Lessons learned analysis is the best way to enable an organization to enhance its incident response plan processes and procedures because it helps to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the current plan, capture the feedback and recommendations from the incident responders and stakeholders, and implement the necessary improvements and corrective actions for future incidents. Security risk assessments are not directly related to enhancing the incident response plan, but rather to identifying and evaluating the security risks and controls of the organization. Information security audits are not directly related to enhancing the incident response plan, but rather to verifying and validating the compliance and effectiveness of the security policies and standards of the organization. Key performance indicators (KPIs) are not directly related to enhancing the incident response plan, but rather to measuring and reporting the performance and progress of the security objectives and initiatives of the organization. References:

Involving functional managers in program development is the most essential element of an information security program, because they are responsible for ensuring that the information security policies, standards, and procedures are implemented and enforced within their respective business units. They also provide input and feedback on the information security requirements, risks, and controls that affect their operations and objectives.

References =

CISM Review Manual, 16th Edition, ISACA, 2020, p. 37: “Functional managers are responsible for ensuring that the information security policies, standards, and procedures are implemented and enforced within their respective business units.”

CISM Review Manual, 16th Edition, ISACA, 2020, p. 38: “Functional managers should be involved in the development of the information security program to provide input and feedback on the information security requirements, risks, and controls that affect their operations and objectives.”

The most important action aligned with Zero Trust principles is ensuring contracts with external parties mandate continuous verification and least privilege access . Zero Trust is based on the principle of “never trust, always verify,” requiring ongoing validation of identity, device posture, access context, and authorization. It also requires limiting access to the minimum necessary for the task. Encryption, audits, and annual training are valuable supporting controls, but they do not capture the core operating model of Zero Trust as directly as continuous verification and least privilege. When engaging external parties, contractual requirements are essential because they create enforceable obligations for how access to organizational systems and data must be managed. CISM governance principles emphasize that third-party access should be controlled through documented requirements, accountability, monitoring, and risk-based oversight. Therefore, the best answer is mandating continuous verification and least privilege access in contracts, because this embeds Zero Trust expectations into third-party governance and access management.

 = A forensic examination is a process of collecting, preserving, analyzing, and presenting digital evidence in a manner that is legally acceptable. The first step in conducting a forensic examination is to create an image of the original data on new media, such as a hard disk, a CD-ROM, or a USB drive. This is done to ensure that the original data is not altered, damaged, or destroyed during the examination. An image is an exact copy of the data, including the file system, the slack space, and the deleted files. Creating an image also allows the examiner to work on a duplicate of the data, rather than the original, which may be needed as evidence in court. Booting the original hard disk on a clean system is not a good practice, as it may change the data on the disk, such as the timestamps, the registry entries, and the log files. Duplicating data from the backup media is not sufficient, as the backup media may not contain all the data that is relevant to the investigation, such as the deleted files, the temporary files, and the swap files. Shutting down and relocating the server is not advisable, as it may cause data loss, corruption, or tampering. The server should be kept running and isolated from the network until an image is created. References = CISM Review Manual 15th Edition, page 204-205.

Prior to conducting a forensic examination, an information security manager should create an image of the original data on new media. This is done in order to preserve the evidence, as making changes to the original data could potentially alter or destroy the evidence. Creating an image of the data also helps to ensure that the data remains intact and free from any interference or tampering.