Professional-Machine-Learning-Engineer Exam Dumps : Google Professional Machine Learning Engineer

The most likely reason for the observed result is that the model is overfitting in areas with less traffic and underfitting in areas with more traffic. Overfitting means that the model learns the specific patterns and noise in the training data, but fails to generalize well to new and unseen data. Underfitting means that the model is not able to capture the complexity and variability of the data, and performs poorly on both training and test data. In this case, the model might have learned to segment the images well when there is less traffic, but it might not have enough data or features to handle the more challenging scenarios when there is more traffic. This could lead to a decrease in the AUC metric, which measures the ability of the model to distinguish between different classes. AUC is a suitable metric for this classification model, as it is not affected by class imbalance or threshold selection. The other options are not likely to be the reason for the result, as they are not related to the traffic density. Too much data representing congested areas would not cause the model to fail in those areas, but rather help the model learn better. Gradients vanishing or exploding is a problem that occurs during the training process, not after the deployment, and it affects the whole model, not specific scenarios. References:

Image Segmentation: U-Net For Self Driving Cars

Intelligent Semantic Segmentation for Self-Driving Vehicles Using Deep Learning

Sharing Pixelopolis, a self-driving car demo from Google I/O built with TensorFlow Lite

Google Cloud launches machine learning engineer certification

Google Professional Machine Learning Engineer Certification

Professional ML Engineer Exam Guide

Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer Professional Certificate

Data leakage is a problem where information from outside the training dataset is used to create the model, resulting in an overly optimistic or invalid estimate of the model performance. Data leakage can occur in time series data when the temporal order of the data is not preserved during data preparation or model evaluation. For example, if the data is shuffled before splitting into train and test sets, or if future data is used to impute missing values in past data, then data leakage can occur.

One way to address data leakage in time series data is to apply nested cross-validation during model training. Nested cross-validation is a technique that allows you to perform both model selection and model evaluation in a robust way, while preserving the temporal order of the data. Nested cross-validation involves two levels of cross-validation: an inner loop for model selection and an outer loop for model evaluation. The inner loop splits the training data into k folds, trains and tunes the model on k-1 folds, and validates the model on the remaining fold. The inner loop repeats this process for each fold and selects the best model based on the validation performance. The outer loop splits the data into n folds, trains the best model from the inner loop on n-1 folds, and tests the model on the remaining fold. The outer loop repeats this process for each fold and evaluates the model performance based on the test results.

Nested cross-validation can help to avoid data leakage in time series data by ensuring that the model is trained and tested on non-overlapping data, and that the data used for validation is never seen by the model during training. Nested cross-validation can also provide a more reliable estimate of the model performance than a single train-test split or a simple cross-validation, as it reduces the variance and bias of the estimate.

References:

Data Leakage in Machine Learning

How to Avoid Data Leakage When Performing Data Preparation

Classification on a single time series - prevent leakage between train and test

 A TPU VM is a virtual machine that has direct access to a Cloud TPU device. TPU VMs provide a simpler and more flexible way to use Cloud TPUs, as they eliminate the need for a separate host VM and network setup. TPU VMs also support interactive debugging tools such as TensorFlow Debugger (tfdbg) and Python Debugger (pdb), which can help researchers develop and troubleshoot complex models. A v3-8 TPU VM has 8 TPU cores, which can provide high performance and scalability for training large models. SSHing into the TPU VM allows the user to run and debug the TensorFlow code directly on the TPU device, without any network overhead or data transfer issues. References:

1: TPU VMs Overview

2: TPU VMs Quickstart

3: Debugging TensorFlow Models on Cloud TPUs