Ace Your Sustainable-Investing Sustainable Investing Certificate Exam

S&P offers fixed-income ESG indexes under its Dow Jones Sustainability Indices (DJSI) series. These indexes are designed to measure the performance of companies and governments that adhere to high ESG standards, including for fixed-income securities.ESG Reference: Chapter 7, Page 318 - ESG Analysis, Valuation & Integration in the ESG textbook.

Product liabilitydirectly impactsexternal stakeholders, such asconsumers, regulators, and the general public. Companies withunsafe or defective productsfacelegal risks, reputational damage, and financial losses.

Labor rights (A) and human capital development (C) primarily affect internal stakeholders (employees).

Aging populationsare a significant issue indeveloped markets(e.g.,Japan, Europe, the US), where birth rates are low, and the proportion of retirees is increasing. This impactspensions, healthcare costs, and workforce dynamics.

Emerging markets typicallyhave younger populationsandhigher birth rates, making aging less of an immediate concern.

TheGreenbury Report (1995)was developed in response to concerns overexcessive executive pay in newly privatized UK utilities. It introducedrecommendations on executive compensation transparency and governance.

TheDodd-Frank Act (A)was a U.S. financial reform law, while theSarbanes-Oxley Act (C)focused on corporate financial reporting.