E2 Exam Dumps : Project and Relationship Management

A low cost airline is operating three flights a day between two industrial cities in neighbouring countries. The cities are 300 km apart and the terrain between the two countries is mostly flat grasslands. The two cities are also linked by motorways and a railway line.

At first the airline enjoyed first mover advantage and generated healthy profits for three years. But more recently, the airline is experiencing intense competitive pressures, reduced passenger numbers and lower returns. The airline directors are using Porter's Five Forces framework to analyse the nature and severity of the various competitive forces being experienced.

In the context of this model which of the following forces would be considered as a threat of a substitute product or service?

The type of culture typified in an organisation where there is a clear hierarchical structure, formalised rules for decision making and clearly defined jobs is called a  

Which of the models below identifies triggers for change from the macro environment?