ECCouncil 312-50v13 Questions Answers

This is a fairly simple question. You must to understand what a subnet mask is and how it works.

A subnetwork or subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network.The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting.

Computers that belong to the same subnet are addressed with an identical most-significant bit-group in their IP addresses. This results in the logical division of an IP address into two fields: the network number or routing prefix and the rest field or host identifier. The rest field is an identifier for a specific host or network interface.

The routing prefix may be expressed in Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) notation written as the first address of a network, followed by a slash character (/), and ending with the bit-length of the prefix. For example, 198.51.100.0/24 is the prefix of the Internet Protocol version 4 network starting at the given address, having 24 bits allocated for the network prefix, and the remaining 8 bits reserved for host addressing. Addresses in the range 198.51.100.0 to 198.51.100.255 belong to this network. The IPv6 address specification 2001:db8::/32 is a large address block with 296 addresses, having a 32-bit routing prefix.

For IPv4, a network may also be characterized by its subnet mask or netmask, which is the bitmask that when applied by a bitwise AND operation to any IP address in the network, yields the routing prefix. Subnet masks are also expressed in dot-decimal notation like an address. For example, 255.255.255.0 is the subnet mask for the prefix 198.51.100.0/24.

File created by Bash, a Unix-based shell program commonly used on Mac OS X and Linux operating systems; stores a history of user commands entered at the command prompt; used for viewing old commands that are executed.

BASH_HISTORY files are hidden files with no filename prefix. They always use the filename .bash_history.

NOTE: Bash is that the shell program employed by Apple Terminal.

Our goal is to assist you understand what a file with a *.bash_history suffix is and the way to open it.

The Bash History file type, file format description, and Mac and Linux programs listed on this page are individually researched and verified by the FileInfo team. we attempt for 100% accuracy and only publish information about file formats that we’ve tested and validated.

Network Access Control (NAC) solutions often authenticate only the first device connected to a port. CEH explains that attackers can insert a rogue device behind an already authenticated host, bypassing NAC checks. This creates a transparent bridge that forwards legitimate traffic while injecting attacker-controlled communications.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

The netstat (network statistics) command is used to display:

Current TCP/UDP connections

Listening ports

Routing tables

Interface statistics

This is one of the most common tools for network troubleshooting and monitoring on Windows and Linux.

From CEH v13 Courseware:

Module 3: Scanning Networks → System and Network Utilities