MLS-C01 Exam Dumps : AWS Certified Machine Learning - Specialty

The data scientist should use Amazon SageMaker Ground Truth to sort the data into two groups named “enrolled” or “not enrolled.” This will create a labeled dataset that can be used for supervised learning. The data scientist should then use a classification algorithm to run predictions on the test data. A classification algorithm is a suitable choice for predicting a binary outcome, such as enrollment status, based on the input features, such as academic performance. A classification algorithm will output a probability for each class label and assign the most likely label to each observation.

Use Amazon SageMaker Ground Truth to Label Data

Classification Algorithm in Machine Learning

The agency wants to analyze the census data for population segmentation, which is a type of unsupervised learning problem that aims to group similar data points together based on their attributes. The agency can use a combination of algorithms that can perform dimensionality reduction and clustering on the data to achieve this goal.

Dimensionality reduction is a technique that reduces the number of features or variables in a dataset while preserving the essential information and relationships. Dimensionality reduction can help improve the efficiency and performance of clustering algorithms, as well as facilitate data visualization and interpretation. One of the most common algorithms for dimensionality reduction is principal component analysis (PCA), which transforms the original features into a new set of orthogonal features called principal components that capture the maximum variance in the data. PCA can help reduce the noise and redundancy in the data and reveal the underlying structure and patterns.

Clustering is a technique that partitions the data into groups or clusters based on their similarity or distance. Clustering can help discover the natural segments or categories in the data and understand their characteristics and differences. One of the most popular algorithms for clustering is k-means, which assigns each data point to one of k clusters based on the nearest mean or centroid. K-means can handle large and high-dimensional datasets and produce compact and spherical clusters.

Therefore, the combination of algorithms that would provide the appropriate insights for population segmentation are PCA and k-means. The agency can use PCA to reduce the dimensionality of the census data from 500 features to a smaller number of principal components that capture most of the variation in the data. Then, the agency can use k-means to cluster the data based on the principal components and identify the segments of the population that share similar characteristics.

Amazon SageMaker Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

Amazon SageMaker K-Means Algorithm

A hyperparameter tuning job is a feature of Amazon SageMaker that allows automatically finding the best combination of hyperparameters for a machine learning model. Hyperparameters are high-level parameters that influence the learning process and the performance of the model, such as the learning rate, the number of layers, the regularization factor, etc. A hyperparameter tuning job works by launching multiple training jobs with different hyperparameters, evaluating the results using an objective metric, and choosing the next set of hyperparameters to try based on a search strategy. The objective metric is a measure of the quality of the model, such as accuracy, precision, recall, etc. The search strategy is a method of exploring the hyperparameter space, such as random search, grid search, or Bayesian optimization.

Among the four options, option C is the most repeatable and requires the least amount of effort to use hyperparameter optimization to increase the model’s accuracy. This option involves the following steps:

Create a hyperparameter tuning job: Amazon SageMaker provides an easy-to-use interface for creating a hyperparameter tuning job, either through the AWS Management Console, the AWS CLI, or the AWS SDKs. To create a hyperparameter tuning job, the Machine Learning Specialist needs to specify the following information:

The name and type of the algorithm to use, either a built-in algorithm or a custom algorithm.

The ranges and types of the hyperparameters to tune, such as categorical, continuous, or integer.

The name and type of the objective metric to optimize, such as accuracy, and whether to maximize or minimize it.

The resource limits for the tuning job, such as the maximum number of training jobs and the maximum parallel training jobs.

The input data channels and the output data location for the training jobs.

The configuration of the training instances, such as the instance type, the instance count, the volume size, etc.

Set the accuracy as an objective metric: To use accuracy as an objective metric, the Machine Learning Specialist needs to ensure that the training algorithm writes the accuracy value to a file called metric_definitions in JSON format and prints it to stdout or stderr. For example, the file can contain the following content:

This means that the training algorithm prints a line like this:

Amazon SageMaker reads the accuracy value from the line and uses it to evaluate and compare the training jobs.

The other options are not as repeatable and require more effort than option C for the following reasons:

Option A: This option requires manually launching multiple training jobs in parallel with different hyperparameters, which can be tedious and error-prone. It also requires manually monitoring and comparing the results of the training jobs, which can be time-consuming and subjective.

Option B: This option requires writing code to create an AWS Step Functions workflow that monitors the accuracy in Amazon CloudWatch Logs and relaunches the training job with a defined list of hyperparameters, which can be complex and challenging. It also requires maintaining and updating the list of hyperparameters, which can be inefficient and suboptimal.

Option D: This option requires writing code to create a random walk in the parameter space to iterate through a range of values that should be used for each individual hyperparameter, which can be unreliable and unpredictable. It also requires defining and implementing a stopping criterion, which can be arbitrary and inconsistent.

Automatic Model Tuning - Amazon SageMaker

Define Metrics to Monitor Model Performance