The lower the gain of an antenna, the more narrow one or both beamwidths become.

The beamwidth patterns on an antenna polar chart indicate the point at which the RF signal stops propagating.

Horizontal and vertical beamwidth are calculated at the points in which the main lobe decreases power by 3 dB.

Horizontal beamwidth is displayed (in degrees) on the antenna’s Azimuth Chart.

Diffraction

Reflection

Refraction

Diffusion

Scattering

802.11a and 11n use six (6) “pilot” subcarriers as a reference for the receiver to detect frequency and phase shifts of the signal.

802.11a/g/n OFDM includes several combinations of modulation and coding to achieve data rates from 1-600 Mbps.

With 802.11a OFDM, 16-QAM provides either 48 or 54 Mbps data rates, depending upon coding rates.

802.11ac VHT-OFDM utilizes 256-QAM, which increases the data rate significantly over 64-QAM available in HT-OFDM.

In 802.11a OFDM, fifty-six (56) subcarriers are used as parallel symbol transmission paths to carry data.