8008 Exam Dumps : PRM Certification - Exam III: Risk Management Frameworks, Operational Risk, Credit Risk, Counterparty Risk, Market Risk, ALM, FTP - 2015 Edition

Explantion:

Changing leverage does not affect the Sharpe ratio or the Information ratio. However, leverage magnifies both risk and return. Therefore Choice 'b' is the correct answer.Recall that Sharpe ratio is the ratio of the excess returns (over the risk free rate) of an investment to its standard deviation, and the information ratio is the ratio of the 'alpha' returns to the standard deviation of such returns.

Choice 'd' is correct because VaR is sub-additive in cases where correlation is less than one.

Specific VaR refers to the risk in the portfolio from security selection, ie the risk from holding the specific equities in the portfolio, while systematic risk refers to the market risk. Definitionally, specific risk and systematic risk are uncorrelated, ie their correlation is zero. Since their correlation is zero, combining them will produce a VaR number lower than their stand alone aggregate. Total risk includes both specific risk and systematic risk, and can be calculated taking into account the specific and systematic VaRs and their correlation.

All other answers are therefore incorrect.

Normal mixtures address fat or heavy tails, not volatility clustering. Therefore statement I is not correct.

Statement II is not correct. Where VaR is calculated at low levels of confidence, VaR based on normal mixtures may be lower than that under a normal assumption. This is no different than for other fat tailed distributions.

Statement III is correct. In situations where multiple market scenarios can unfold with a given probability, and each scenario is normal, we can express the result with a normal mixture where the underlying normal distributions have the probabilities of the different scenarios.