CIPS L4M3 Actual Questions

Construction procurement is particularly complex and risky. Forming a contract in construction may take lots of time and energy of both client and contractor. Therefore, standardisation inconstruction contract would help the buying organisation to save their precious resources. Furthermore, the wording of these model form contracts is accurate as it has been agreed among the professionals within an industry.

One of the advantage of using model forms of contract is the balanced of risk and reward allocation between the contractor, consultant engineer and the client.

A confidentiality and data use clause is designed to govern how information, especially sensitive or personal data, is handled. It sets boundaries on disclosure, data sharing, and use, which is essential under data protection laws such as GDPR, especially when information is passed to third parties.

Fisher v Bell [1960] and Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists [1953] identified that the courts will generally consider goods advertised in shop windows or those with a price tag attached to constitute an invitation to treat. An invitation to treat is a concept in contract law. It refers to an invitation for a party to make an offer enter into contractual negotiations.

Invitations to treat can be anything displayed to a large number of people, as long as there is no defined way to choose who can accept. Items on display in a shop, advertisements, and catalogues are all common examples of invitations to treat.

However, there are cases in the US shows that under some circumstances an advertisement can become an offer (see Leftkowitz v Great Minneapolis Surplus Stores [1957]).

Direct call off is the act of placing an order under a framework agreement without having further competition.

Standing offer is an available offer.

Blanket order is another name of framework agreement

Closed system is a requirement of framework agreement. It is a system or process that, once started, does not allow new entrants.