CAP Exam Dumps : Certified AppSec Practitioner Exam

SQL Injection (SQLi) occurs when an attacker injects malicious SQL code into a query by manipulating user input (e.g., ' OR '1'='1'), allowing unauthorized data access or manipulation. Let’s evaluate the defenses:

Option A ("Using a Web Application Firewall (WAF)"): A WAF can detect and block SQL injection attempts by filtering malicious patterns (e.g., ' OR '1'='1'), but it is not the primary defense. WAFs can be bypassed with sophisticated attacks (e.g., encoded payloads), and they are a secondary layer, not a fix for the root cause in the application code.

Option B ("Prepared Statements with Parameterized Queries"): Correct. Prepared statements with parameterized queries separate SQL code from user input by using placeholders (e.g., ? in SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = ?). The database engine handles the input as data, not executable code, preventing SQL injection. This is the industry-standard primary defense (recommended by OWASP and NIST) because it addresses the root cause by ensuring user input cannot alter the query structure.

Option C ("Use of NoSQL Database"): Switching to a NoSQL database (e.g., MongoDB) does not inherently prevent injection vulnerabilities. NoSQL databases can still be vulnerable to injection (e.g., MongoDB’s $where operator), and SQL injection applies to relational databases. This is not a defense against SQLi.

Option D ("Blacklisting Single Quote Character (‘)"): Blacklisting specific characters (e.g., ') attempts to block known malicious input, but it is ineffective as a primary defense. Attackers can bypass blacklists using alternate encodings (e.g., %27 for '), comments (e.g., --), or other techniques. Blacklisting is reactive and prone to evasion, unlike prepared statements.

The correct answer is B, aligning with the CAP syllabus under "SQL Injection Prevention" and "OWASP Top 10 (A03:2021 - Injection)."References: SecOps Group CAP Documents - "SQL Injection Defense," "Secure Coding Practices," and "OWASP SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet" sections.

The HTTP request is a POST to /changepassword with a session cookie (JSESSIONID) and parameters new_password and confirm_password. Let’s evaluate each option:

Option A ("The change password feature does not validate the user"): The request includes a JSESSIONID cookie, which typically indicates that the user is authenticated via a session. There’s no evidence that user validation is absent, so this is not correct.

Option B ("The change password feature uses basic authorization"): Basic authorization would involve an Authorization: Basic header with a Base64-encoded username and password, which is not present here. The authentication appears to be session-based (via cookie), not basic auth, so this is incorrect.

Option C ("The change password feature is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery attack"): Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) occurs when a malicious site tricks a user’s browser into making an unintended request to another site where the user is authenticated. This request lacks a CSRF token (e.g., a unique, unpredictable token in the request body or header) to verify the request’s legitimacy. The Sec-Fetch-Site: same-origin header indicates the request is currently from the same origin, but this is a browser feature, not a server-side CSRF protection. Without a CSRF token, the endpoint is vulnerable to CSRF, as an attacker could craft a malicious form on another site to submit this request on behalf of the user. This is the correct answer.

Option D ("All of the above"): Since A and B are incorrect, D cannot be correct.

The correct answer is C, aligning with the CAP syllabus under "Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)" and "OWASP Top 10 (A08:2021 - Software and Data Integrity Failures)."References: SecOps Group CAP Documents - "CSRF Prevention," "Session Management," and "OWASP Secure Coding Practices" sections.

SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language) is an open standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between parties, particularly in the context of single sign-on (SSO). It is based on XML and is widely used to enable secure web-based authentication and authorization across different domains. The correct full form isSecurity Assertion Markup Language, where "Assertion" refers to statements about a subject (e.g., identity, attributes), "Markup" indicates the XML-based structure, and "Language" denotes the defined syntax.

Option A ("Security Assertion Markup Language"): This is the correct and official full form of SAML as defined by OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards).

Option B ("Security Authorization Markup Language"): Incorrect, as "Authorization" is not part of the acronym; SAML focuses on both authentication and authorization assertions.

Option C ("Security Assertion Management Language"): Incorrect, as "Management" is not part of the acronym; SAML is about markup, not management.

Option D ("Secure Authentication Markup Language"): Incorrect, as "Secure" is not part of the acronym, and SAML covers more than just authentication.

The correct answer is A, aligning with the CAP syllabus under "Authentication and Authorization" and "Single Sign-On (SSO) Standards."References: SecOps Group CAP Documents - "SAML Overview," "Authentication Protocols," and "OWASP Identity Management" sections.