CAP Exam Dumps : Certified AppSec Practitioner Exam

SQL Injection (SQLi) occurs when an attacker injects malicious SQL code into a query by manipulating user input (e.g., ' OR '1'='1'), allowing unauthorized data access or manipulation. Let’s evaluate the defenses:

Option A ("Using a Web Application Firewall (WAF)"): A WAF can detect and block SQL injection attempts by filtering malicious patterns (e.g., ' OR '1'='1'), but it is not the primary defense. WAFs can be bypassed with sophisticated attacks (e.g., encoded payloads), and they are a secondary layer, not a fix for the root cause in the application code.

Option B ("Prepared Statements with Parameterized Queries"): Correct. Prepared statements with parameterized queries separate SQL code from user input by using placeholders (e.g., ? in SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = ?). The database engine handles the input as data, not executable code, preventing SQL injection. This is the industry-standard primary defense (recommended by OWASP and NIST) because it addresses the root cause by ensuring user input cannot alter the query structure.

Option C ("Use of NoSQL Database"): Switching to a NoSQL database (e.g., MongoDB) does not inherently prevent injection vulnerabilities. NoSQL databases can still be vulnerable to injection (e.g., MongoDB’s $where operator), and SQL injection applies to relational databases. This is not a defense against SQLi.

Option D ("Blacklisting Single Quote Character (‘)"): Blacklisting specific characters (e.g., ') attempts to block known malicious input, but it is ineffective as a primary defense. Attackers can bypass blacklists using alternate encodings (e.g., %27 for '), comments (e.g., --), or other techniques. Blacklisting is reactive and prone to evasion, unlike prepared statements.

The correct answer is B, aligning with the CAP syllabus under "SQL Injection Prevention" and "OWASP Top 10 (A03:2021 - Injection)."References: SecOps Group CAP Documents - "SQL Injection Defense," "Secure Coding Practices," and "OWASP SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet" sections.

Null Byte Injection is a vulnerability where a null byte character (\0 or ASCII 0) is injected into user-supplied input to manipulate application behavior, often bypassing filters or terminating strings prematurely in languages like C or C++ that rely on null-terminated strings. In web applications, this is typically encoded in URLs using percent-encoding (e.g., %xx, where xx is the hexadecimal value). The ASCII value of a null byte is 0, which is represented as %00 in URL encoding.

Option A ("%01"): Represents the ASCII character with value 1 (Start of Heading), not a null byte.

Option B ("%10"): Represents the ASCII character with value 16 (Data Link Escape), not a null byte.

Option C ("%25"): Represents the % character itself (ASCII 37), not a null byte.

Option D ("%00"): Represents the null byte (ASCII 0), which is the correct URL-encoded form used in Null Byte Injection attacks.

The correct answer is D, aligning with the CAP syllabus under "Injection Attacks" and "Input Validation Bypasses."References: SecOps Group CAP Documents - "Null Byte Injection," "URL Encoding," and "OWASP Injection Prevention" sections.

Server-side attacks target vulnerabilities on the server, often involving code execution, data manipulation, or unauthorized access to server resources. Let’s evaluate each option:

Option A ("OS Code Injection"): This is a server-side attack where an attacker injects operating system commands (e.g., via system() calls in PHP) to execute arbitrary code on the server, such as rm -rf /.

Option B ("Cross-Site Request Forgery"): CSRF is a client-side attack where an attacker tricks a user’s browser into making an unintended request to a server where the user is authenticated (e.g., submitting a form to transfer funds). The attack exploits the client’s trust in the user’s session, not a server-side vulnerability. Thus, it is not a server-side attack.

Option C ("SQL Injection"): This is a server-side attack where an attacker injects malicious SQL code into a query (e.g., ' OR '1'='1) to manipulate the database, potentially extracting data or modifying records.

Option D ("Directory Traversal Attack"): This is a server-side attack where an attacker manipulates file paths (e.g., ../../etc/passwd) to access unauthorized files on the server outside the intended directory.

The correct answer is B, aligning with the CAP syllabus under "Client-Side vs. Server-Side Attacks" and "CSRF Prevention."References: SecOps Group CAP Documents - "CSRF Vulnerabilities," "Server-Side Attacks," and "OWASP Top 10 (A08:2021 - Software and Data Integrity Failures)" sections.