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Usability tests may occur at any time during the human-centred design process, from early analysis through interactive system delivery and beyond. Usability tests may be based on paper sketches or display mock-ups, as well as on interactive systems under design and completed interactive systems.

A usability evaluation that involves representative users performing specific tasks with the interactive system to enable identification and analysis of usability problems, or the measurement of effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction.

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User experience

A user's perceptions and responses that result from the use and/or anticipated use of an interactive system.

Notes:

1. Users' perceptions and responses include the users' emotions, beliefs, preferences, comfort, behaviours, and accomplishments that occur before, during and after use.

2. User experience is a consequence of brand image, presentation, functionality, system performance, interactive behaviour, and assistive capabilities of the interactive system. It also results from the user's internal and physical state resulting from prior experiences, attitudes, skills, abilities and personality; and from the context of use.

3. Usability criteria can be used to evaluate aspects of user experience.

4. Usability is mainly about the interaction with the interactive system. User experience also takes into account what happens before and after the interaction through to final use and recollections of use. See the examples below.

5. User experience is mainly about satisfaction and fulfilment of expectations.

6. User experience is often referred to as UX.

7. The following figure shows the relationship between user experience and usability. Usability is effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction during actual use, while user experience is the satisfaction or dissatisfaction during anticipated use, actual use and after use.

ISO 9241 -A family of standards covering human-centred design.

Note: 1.

ISO 9241 includes standards related to

a. Software ergonomics;

b. The human-centred design process;

c. Displays and display related hardware;

d. Physical input devices;

e. Workplace ergonomics;

f. Environment ergonomics;

g. Control centres

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Context of use = A combination of users, goals, tasks, resources, and environments.

The purpose of "Analysis: understand and specify the context of use" is to understand and describe who the users are, what they do, what problems they have, and what their needs are, with respect to the planned interactive system. To understand users and their needs, we can observe users performing tasks, interview users and conduct focus groups.

The context of use is described in user group profiles and personas (who are the users), as-is scenarios

(how do users currently do tasks), task models (details about what the tasks are) and user journey maps (how users interact with the interactive system and the organisation providing it)

Task

A set of activities undertaken in order to achieve a specific goal.

Notes:

1. Most tasks can be subdivided into subtasks - that is, activities.

2. A subtask does not in itself achieve a goal from the user's point of view but is a necessary decision or action to reach the user's goals.

3. Most subtasks lead to choices or inputs by the user when using the interactive system.

4. Some subtasks can be subdivided into smaller subtasks.

5. Subtasks are unsuitable as usability test tasks, because they are very specific

Satisfaction

The extent to which the user's physical, cognitive and emotional responses that result from the use of an interactive system meet the user's needs and expectations.

Notes:

1. Effectiveness and efficiency may influence satisfaction. For example, low effectiveness or low efficiency may lead to low satisfaction. Satisfaction may influence effectiveness and efficiency. For example, frustration may cause users to quit a task, which influences effectiveness.

2. Satisfaction is often measured using a questionnaire. See the examples in the definition of questionnaire.

3. The difference between satisfaction and user experience is that satisfaction results from use, while user experience results from discovering, adopting and using the interactive system, through to final use and recollections of use. In addition, user experience can be influenced by more than just use, for example brand image, price and opinion of others, but it is still related to actual or imagined use.

The information architecture and the navigation structure are developed in parallel with the prototypes. From a human-centred point of view, the information architecture is the naming and structuring of the information that is accessible to users.

The navigation structure is the logical organisation of the screens, pages and windows that comprise the user interface - that is, the links and menus that enable users to get from one set of information to another.

Humancentred quality objectives

The goals that are to be achieved for the user of an interactive system when developing the interactive system.

Notes:

1. Human-centred quality objectives relate to one or more of the following components of human-centred

quality: usability, accessibility, user experience and avoidance of harm from use.

Examples of human-centred quality objectives:

1. Travelers to the US must be able to pass through immigration twice as quickly as before (usability, efficiency).

2. Blind users must be able to recognise and understand the content of the website (accessibility).

3. Users must have a feeling of complete privacy when using the electronic voting booth (user experience).

4. When using a system for creating prescriptions, the user must not be able to prescribe drugs that are incompatible with each other (avoidance of harm from use)