GARP 2016-FRR Exam With Confidence Using Practice Dumps

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Under Basel II’s Foundation Internal Ratings-Based (FIRB) Approach for non-retail exposures (e.g., corporate loans), banks are required to estimate the Probability of Default (PD) internally, while the Basel framework provides supervisory estimates for Loss Given Default (LGD), Exposure at Default (EAD), and Maturity (M). PD represents the likelihood of an obligor defaulting within a year and is a key input into the risk-weighted asset (RWA) calculation. The FIRB approach balances bank-specific inputs with standardized parameters, distinguishing it from the Advanced IRB approach, where banks also estimate LGD and EAD.

When a bank looks to issue new capital to increase its Tier 1 capital levels, the following instrument is most likely considered:

Convertible Preferred Shares: These shares can be converted into common stock. They are considered part of Tier 1 capital because they have characteristics of equity, such as absorbing losses while the bank remains a going concern.

Long-term and callable debt, short-term callable debt, and short-term debt convertible to non-cumulative preferred shares do not typically qualify as Tier 1 capital because they do not provide the same level of loss absorption as equity instruments.

Gamma Bank would typically accept the following as financial collateral:

Equities and Convertible Bonds:Included in a main market index due to their liquidity and value recognition.

Commercial Debts (Receivables):Owed to a company, which can be factored or used as collateral.

Mutual Fund Shares and Similar Investment Vehicles:Subject to daily quotes ensuring transparency and liquidity.

Unrated bonds, even if traded on a recognized exchange, carry higher uncertainty and lack the creditworthiness validation that rated bonds possess, making them less preferable as collateral.

References

Verified information on acceptable financial collateral from the document ​