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 The CPD process controls logging on the Security Management Server or the Log Server. It is responsible for receiving logs from the Security Gateways, storing them in the log files, and forwarding them to the SmartLog and SmartEvent servers. It also handles the communication with the SmartConsole clients and the CPM process. The CPD process runs on the Security Management Server or the Log Server as part of the Management High Availability module.

 The error message “SmartLog is not active or Failed to parse results from server” indicates that there is a problem with the SmartLog server process, which is responsible for indexing and querying the logs. One possible cause of this problem is a corrupted log file or a mismatched IP address in the logging configuration files. Another possible cause is a communication failure between the SmartLog server and the CPM process or the SmartConsole client. To resolve this issue, the first thing to try is to restart the SmartLog server process by running the command smartlog_server restart on the Security Management Server or the Log Server. This command will stop the SmartLog server, clean the buffer, and start it again. This may fix the corrupted log file or the communication issue. If the problem persists, other steps may be needed, such as checking the network connectivity, the firewall rules, the logging configuration files, the CPM process, or the SmartConsole client.

 = The RFL process is the Remote File Log process that is responsible for transferring logs from the Security Gateway to the Security Management Server1. If the RFL process is with status T, it means that it is terminated and not running2. This could explain why the logs are not seen in the SMS. To resolve this issue, one possible command to run is smartlog_server stop and smartlog_server restart3. This command will stop and restart the SmartLog server, which is the process that indexes and displays the logs in the SmartConsole. By restarting the SmartLog server, it may also restart the RFL process and resume the log transfer. Alternatively, one can also try to restart the RFL process directly by running cpwd_admin stop -name RFL and cpwd_admin start -name RFL. References: Check Point Processes and Daemons, sk97638 - Check Point Processes and Daemons, sk144192 - How to restart SmartLog server, [sk98348 - SmartLog / SmartView server functionality], [sk97638 - Check Point Processes and Daemons]

The Global Domain is one of the relational database domains in the Postgres database that stores the management configuration. The purpose of the Global Domain is to serve as the global database for Multi-Domain Security Management (MDSM) and contain the global objects and policies that are shared across all domains. The Global Domain also stores the global settings, such as the administrator roles, the LDAP servers, the IPS profiles, and the SmartEvent views. The Global Domain can be managed by the Global Domain Administrator or the Super User Administrator using the SmartConsole. The Global Domain can be backed up and restored using the mds_backup and mds_restore commands.

In Check Point Gaia, you can enable core dumping through the command line interface (clish) using the following command:

set core-dump enable

This command activates the core dump mechanism, allowing the system to generate core dump files when user processes crash. Remember to save the configuration after enabling core dumps with the command:

save config

Why other options are incorrect:

B. set core-dump total:This command is used to set the total disk space limit for core dump files, not to enable core dumping itself.

C. set user-dump enable:There is no such command in Gaia clish for enabling core dumps.

D. set core-dump per_process:This command sets the maximum number of core dump files allowed per process, but it doesn't enable core dumping.

Check Point Troubleshooting References:

Check Point R81.20 Security Administration Guide:This guide provides comprehensive information about Gaia clish commands, including those related to system configuration and troubleshooting.

Check Point sk92764:This knowledge base article specifically addresses core dump management in Gaia, explaining how to enable and configure core dumps.

Enabling core dumps is a crucial step in troubleshooting process crashes as it provides valuable information for analysis and debugging.

While specific Check Point CCTE R81.20 official documentation that explicitly singles out "Handlers" from the given options as the sole component for storing Rule Base matching state-related information is not readily available in the provided search snippets, CCTE exam preparation materials consistently point to "Handlers" as the correct answer for this question.

In the broader context of Check Point's packet processing and Unified Policy architecture, several components are involved in rule base matching:

According to Check Point's sk120964 - ATRG: Unified Policy (relevant for R81.20):

Connection/Transaction: This logical entity "Saves rulebase matching state and classification objects (CLOBs)."

Manager: This component acts as a "Mediator between other components. Responsible for the whole rule base execution process. Creates connection/transactions, as required. Sends logs."  

Classifiers: These are "CMI_LOADER applications" (e.g., Network, Identity, Application Control) that provide classification data (CLOBs) used in the matching process.

Observers: An "Observer is a unit collecting CLOBs for classification refinement."

"Handlers" in a general firewall architecture are typically components (which can be kernel modules or processes) responsible for managing active connections and their progression through policy enforcement. As such, they would inherently be involved in maintaining and accessing state information related to rule base matching for those connections. The "Connection/Transaction" objects, which store the rule base matching state, are created by the Manager and would be managed by such Handlers during the lifecycle of a connection.

Therefore, in the context of the CCTE R81.20 exam, "Handlers" are understood to be the packet processing components that store this Rule Base matching state-related information. The state itself is conceptually saved within Connection/Transaction objects, which are orchestrated by the Manager and utilized by various processing components often referred to as Handlers.

Reference (based on Unified Policy component roles from official Check Point documentation):

Check Point Support Center sk120964: ATRG: Unified Policy. (Last Modified: 2024-12-29, relevant for R81.20)."Connection/Transaction. Saves rulebase matching state and classification objects (CLOBs)."

"Manager. Mediator between other components. Responsible for the whole rule base execution process. Creates connection/transactions, as required.

The Unified Policy is a feature that allows you to create a single policy layer that combines the functionality of Access Control, Threat Prevention, and HTTPS Inspection12. To debug the Unified Policy, you need to use the command fw ctl debug with the module name UP and the flag all or specific flags for different aspects of the Unified Policy inspection34. The possible flags for the Unified Policy module are:

up_match: Shows the matching process of the Unified Policy rules.

up_inspect: Shows the inspection process of the Unified Policy rules.

up_action: Shows the action process of the Unified Policy rules.

up_log: Shows the logging process of the Unified Policy rules.

up_tls: Shows the TLS inspection process of the Unified Policy rules.

up_clob: Shows the CLOB (Content Limitation and Optimization Blade) inspection process of the Unified Policy rules.

up_rulebase: Shows the rulebase loading process of the Unified Policy rules.

up_connection: Shows the connection tracking process of the Unified Policy rules.

The flag tls is not a valid flag for the Unified Policy module, as it is used for the TLS Inspection module5. Therefore, the correct answer is A. tls. The other options are valid flags for the Unified Policy module, as explained above34. References:

1: CCTE Courseware, Module 8: Advanced Access Control, Slide 7

2: Check Point R81 Security Gateway Architecture and Packet Flow, Chapter 5: Unified Policy, Page 29

3: CCTE Courseware, Module 8: Advanced Access Control, Slide 17

4: Check Point R81 Security Gateway Architecture and Packet Flow, Chapter 5: Unified Policy, Page 32

5: Check Point R81 Security Gateway Architecture and Packet Flow, Chapter 6: TLS Inspection, Page 36

The Resource Application Daemon (RAD) is a critical component in Check Point’s Application Control and URL Filtering blades, responsible for processing and categorizing web traffic. The configuration file $FWDIR/conf/rad_settings.C on the Security Gateway defines settings related to RAD’s operation.

Option A: Incorrect. The rad_settings.C file does not store entitlement information for Application Control or URL Filtering. Entitlements are managed by the Security Management Server and stored in licensing databases, not in this file.

Option B: Incorrect. The rad_settings.C file does not specify how the Security Gateway communicates with the Security Management Server’s RAD service. Communication settings are typically handled by SIC (Secure Internal Communication) and other configuration files, such as $FWDIR/conf/fwopsec.conf.

Option C: Correct. The rad_settings.C file contains proxy settings for the RAD daemon, such as HTTP proxy configurations used for accessing external services (e.g., Check Point’s online URL Filtering database). This is critical when the Gateway requires a proxy to reach external resources for URL categorization.

Option D: Incorrect. Hostname settings for the online application detection engine are not stored in rad_settings.C. These are typically managed by the Application Database (application_db.C) or resolved via DNS.

When the free command on a Linux-based system (like a Check Point Gaia gateway) shows a non-zero value in the "Swap" column, it indicates that the system has utilized its swap space. Swap space is a portion of the hard disk designated to act as virtual RAM when the physical RAM is fully utilized.

The most direct and accurate explanation for swap usage is that the system's demand for Random Access Memory (RAM) exceeded the available physical RAM, forcing the operating system to move some less frequently used memory pages from RAM to the swap space on the disk. This frees up physical RAM for more active processes.

Let's analyze the options:

A. Utilization of ram is high and swap file had to be used:This is the correct and fundamental reason. Swap is used precisely because RAM utilization reached a point where the system needed more memory than was physically available.

B. Swap file is used regularly because RAM memory is reserved for management traffic:While Check Point gateways handle management traffic, operating systems do not typically use swap "regularly" due to a fixed reservation of RAM for such traffic in a way that would routinely force swapping under normal conditions. If management traffic is excessively high and consumes too much RAM, it would fall under the general case of high RAM utilization.

C. Swap memory is used for heavy connections when RAM memory is full:This describes a commoncausefor high RAM utilization on a firewall. Heavy connections can consume significant memory resources. When this consumption leads to RAM exhaustion, swap willindeed be used. However, option A is a more general and direct explanation ofwhyswap is used, regardless of the specific cause of high RAM utilization. Option C is a specific scenario leading to the condition described in A.

D. Its ole Swap is used to increase performance:This statement is incorrect. Swapping to disk is significantly slower than accessing RAM. Therefore, swap usage generally indicates a performance bottleneck (or potential for one) rather than a performance enhancement. While virtual memory (which includes swap) allows a system to run more or larger applications than its physical RAM would normally allow, the act of swapping itself is detrimental to performance.

Conclusion:The best answer is A because it directly and accurately describes the immediate reason for swap usage: high RAM utilization necessitating the use of the swap file. Option C, while plausible as acauseof high RAM utilization, is a specific instance, whereas A is the overarching reason swap comes into play.

Reference (General Linux/System Administration Principles and supported by CCTE exam preparation materials):This understanding is based on fundamental principles of how operating systems manage memory and swap space. Check Point CCTE R81.20 exam preparation materials also affirm this understanding for similar questions. For instance, a question identical to this one appearing in CCTE exam preparation resources typically points to option A as the correct answer.

CMI stands for Context Management Infrastructure, which is a component of the Access Control Policy that enables the Security Gateway to inspect traffic based on the context of the connection. Context includes information such as user identity, application, location, time, and device. CMI allows the Security Gateway to apply different security rules and actions based on the context of the traffic, and to dynamically update the context as it changes. CMI consists of three main elements: Unified Policy, Identity Awareness, and Content Awareness. 

 The CpmiHostCkp table in the Postgres database contains the data for CPMI objects, such as gateways, clusters, and servers. The table column that should be selected to query for the object instance is the objid column, which is the primary key of the table and uniquely identifies each object. The objid column can be used to join with other tables that reference CPMI objects, such as CpmiClusterMember, CpmiCluster, and CpmiServer. The objid column can also be used to retrieve the object name, IP address, type, and other attributes from the CpmiHostCkp table itself. References:

Check Point Database Tool (GuiDBedit Tool) - Section: How to use the Check Point Database Tool (GuiDBedit Tool) - Subsection: How to view the data in the database

Check Point Certified Troubleshooting Expert (CCTE) - Exam Topics - Module 6: Advanced Management Server Troubleshooting

[Check Point R81 Database Schema] - Section: CPMI Tables - Subsection: CpmiHostCkp Table

 The fw ctl zdebug command is a powerful tool that can be used to collect debug messages from the kernel, clean the buffer, and automatically allocate a 1MB buffer. However, it cannot be used to debug additional modules, such as SecureXL, CoreXL, or VPN. For those modules, other commands or tools are needed, such as fwaccel dbg, fw ctl affinity, or vpn debug.

 Identity Awareness is a feature that enables the Security Gateway to identify users and groups behind IP addresses, and apply security policies based on their identity12. Identity Awareness uses different methods to acquire identities, such as AD Query, Identity Collector, and Browser-Based Authentication12. To debug Identity Awareness issues, you need to use the command pdp debug on the gateway, where pdp stands for Policy Decision Point, the component that handles the identity acquisition and enforcement13. The command pdp debug has different flags for different identity sources, such as adlog for AD Query, ic for Identity Collector, and nac for Browser-Based Authentication13. The flag extended enables more detailed debug output13. Therefore, the correct command to debug the problem of users not being able to browse internet sites with Identity Awareness using AD Query, Identity Collector, and Browser-Based Authentication is pdp debug nac extended on the gateway13. The other options are incorrect because they either use the wrong command (ad debug instead of pdp debug), the wrong flag (ad query instead of nac), or the wrong location (on the management instead of on the gateway). References:

1: CCTE Courseware, Module 9: Advanced Identity Awareness Troubleshooting, Slide 4

2: Check Point R81 Identity Awareness Administration Guide, Chapter 1: Introduction to Identity Awareness, Page 7

3: Check Point R81 Identity Awareness Administration Guide, Chapter 5: Troubleshooting Identity Awareness, Page 49

The ADLOG function receives the AD log event information from the Domain Controllers. The ADLOG function is part of the Identity Awareness feature that enablesthe Security Gateway to identify users and machines in the network and enforce Access Control policy rules based on their identities. The ADLOG function uses the AD Query (ADQ) method to connect to the Active Directory Domain Controllers using WMI and subscribe to receive Security Event logs that are generated when users perform login. The ADLOG function then extracts the user and machine information that maps to an IP address from the event logs and sends it to the PEP function, which enforces the policy based on the identity information.

The correct answer is A. smartlogrestart and smartlogstart. These commands are used to restart the SmartLog service and start the SmartLog indexing process. They can be run on the Security Management Server or the Log Server to resolve issues with SmartLog not being active or failing to parse results from the server. The other commands are not valid or relevant for thispurpose. References: Check Point Troubleshooting Expert (CCTE) R81.10 Course Data Sheet1, Check Point Troubleshooting Expert (CCTE) R81.10 Course Outline2, Check Point Troubleshooting Expert (CCTE) R81.10 Lab Manual3, sk175223 -SmartLog is not active or failed to parse results from server

The process responsible for log indexing and text searching is solr, which is a child process of cpm. The solr process is responsible for indexing the logs and providing the search engine for SmartLog and SmartConsole. The solr process is started by the cpm process and can be monitored by the command cpwd_admin list. The solr process uses the PostgreSQL database to store the indexed data and the Lucene library to perform the text search. The solr process can be affected by various factors, such as the size and number of log files, the hardware resources, the network connectivity, and the configuration settings. If the solr process is not running correctly, the administrator may experience issues with log indexing and text searching, such as slow performance, missing logs, or incorrect results.