Free and Premium Amazon Web Services SOA-C02 Dumps Questions Answers

Increasing the amount of memory for the Lambda function will help to improve the performance of the function. This is because the Lambda function is CPU-intensive and increasing the memory will give it access to more CPU resources and help it run faster. The other options (activating hyperthreading in the CPU launch options for the Lambda function, turning off the AWS managed encryption, and loading the required code into a custom layer) will not help to improve the performance of the Lambda function and are not the correct solutions for this issue.

Step-by-Step Explanation:

Understand the Problem:

An I/O intensive application on an Amazon EC2 general purpose instance is experiencing performance issues.

Users report delays or failures during intensive read/write operations.

The VolumeQueueLength metric is consistently high during these periods.

Analyze the Requirements:

Address the high VolumeQueueLength, which indicates that the EBS volume is unable to handle the I/O requests efficiently.

Improve the disk I/O performance to restore full application performance.

Evaluate the Options:

Option A: Modify the instance type to be storage optimized.

Storage optimized instances are designed for workloads that require high, sequential read and write access to large data sets on local storage.

This could help, but if the issue is primarily with EBS volume performance, increasing IOPS would be a more direct solution.

Option B: Modify the volume properties by deselecting Auto-Enable Volume I/O.

Auto-Enable Volume I/O is a setting that automatically enables I/O for the EBS volume after an event such as a snapshot restore.

Deselecting this option will not address the issue of high I/O demand.

Option C: Modify the volume properties to increase the IOPS.

Increasing the IOPS (Input/Output Operations Per Second) will directly address the high VolumeQueueLength by allowing the volume to handle more I/O operations concurrently.

This is the most effective and direct solution to improve the performance of I/O intensive tasks.

Option D: Modify the instance to enable enhanced networking.

Enhanced networking provides higher bandwidth, higher packet per second (PPS) performance, and consistently lower inter-instance latencies.

While beneficial for network performance, this does not directly impact the EBS volume’s I/O performance.

Select the Best Solution:

Option C: Modifying the volume properties to increase the IOPS directly addresses the high VolumeQueueLength and improves the EBS volume's ability to handle intensive read/write operations.

Amazon EBS Volume Types

Amazon EBS Volume Performance

Optimizing EBS Performance

Increasing the IOPS of the EBS volume ensures that the application can handle the required intensive read/write operations more efficiently, directly addressing the high VolumeQueueLength and restoring full performance.

To control access to Amazon EC2 instances using AWS Systems Manager Session Manager based on specific tags:

Attach an IAM Policy to Users or Groups: Create and attach an Identity and Access Management (IAM) policy to the IAM users or groups who need access to the EC2 instances. This policy should specify the permissions required to use Session Manager to start sessions with the instances.

Create an IAM Policy with Tag-Based Conditions: Create an IAM policy that includes a condition element to allow access to EC2 instances based on specific tags. This policy can be designed to grant the ssm:StartSession permission only for instances that match certain tags, as defined in the condition block of the IAM policy. Here is a sample condition block that could be used:

"Condition": {

"StringEquals": {

"ec2:ResourceTag/YourTagName": "YourTagValue"

}

}

This ensures that only authorized users can initiate sessions with instances that have the specified tags, enhancing security and operational management.

By implementing these policies, you ensure that only the appropriate personnel have the controlled access required, based on the specific business needs and security guidelines.

To host a static website using Amazon S3 for both a domain and its subdomain, you need to create two separate buckets and configure one bucket to redirect to the other.

Steps:

Create the Main Domain Bucket:

Open the Amazon S3 console.

Create a bucket named example.com.

Enable static website hosting for the bucket and configure the index document (e.g., index.html).

Create the Subdomain Bucket:

Create another bucket named

In the bucket properties, enable static website hosting.

Set the website hosting configuration to redirect all requests to example.com.

Update DNS Configuration:

Open the Amazon Route 53 console.

Create an A record for example.com and pointing to the S3 bucket.

To remotely connect to the EC2 instance, the SysOps administrator must ensure that the security group allows inbound SSH traffic.

Modify the Security Group:

Navigate to the EC2 console.

Select the security group associated with the EC2 instance.

Add an inbound rule to allow SSH traffic (TCP port 22) from the SysOps administrator's IP address.

Example rule:

Type: SSH

Protocol: TCP

Port Range: 22

Source:

Using ALB health checks in the Auto Scaling group will provide more accurate health monitoring and replace instances if they are unhealthy.

ALB Health Checks: Configure health checks based on HTTP response codes, which will detect application-level issues causing the HTTP 500 errors and replace instances as needed.

EC2 vs. ALB Health Checks: EC2 status checks only verify instance hardware and OS, not the application’s responsiveness. By using ALB health checks, Auto Scaling can remove instances that are failing at the application level, thus preventing users from receiving 500 errors.

Replacing the ALB with a Network Load Balancer does not address HTTP 500 errors, and enabling session affinity does not resolve application health issues. The CloudWatch agent would not provide the required health check functionality for automated instance replacement.

To send an email notification when an ACM certificate has less than 14 days until expiration, the most operationally efficient solution is to create an Amazon EventBridge rule that directly monitors AWS ACM for certificate expiry details. EventBridge can capture aws.acm events related to certificate expiration and evaluate the DaysToExpiry metric directly. Configure the rule to send notifications to an Amazon SNS topic when DaysToExpiry is less than 14, and subscribe the necessary email addresses to this SNS topic. This approach avoids the need for custom metrics or manual monitoring, providing a streamlined and automatic notification system. Option B is the correct answer as it leverages native integration between ACM, EventBridge, and SNS for minimal operational overhead. More details on EventBridge rules can be found in AWS documentation EventBridge Rules.

To change an EC2 instance type (e.g., from t3.large to c5.large):

You must stop the instance, change the instance type, then start it again.

From EC2 instance resize documentation:

Changing the instance type requires stopping and starting the instance, unless you're using Elastic Beanstalk or Auto Scaling groups with launch templates.

To enable AWS Config in all accounts and all regions within an AWS Organization, the most operationally efficient method is to use AWS CloudFormation StackSets. This allows you to deploy CloudFormation stacks across multiple AWS accounts and regions from a single CloudFormation template.

Create CloudFormation Template:

The template should include the necessary resources to enable AWS Config, such as the AWS::Config::ConfigurationRecorder, AWS::Config::DeliveryChannel, and AWS::Config::ConfigurationAggregator resources.

Create StackSet:

Open the AWS CloudFormation console at AWS CloudFormation Console.

Choose Create StackSet and upload your CloudFormation template.

Configure StackSet:

Specify the AWS accounts and regions where you want to deploy the stacks.

Set the deployment options, including the execution role and administrator role.

Deploy Stack Instances:

Deploy the stack instances to all specified accounts and regions. This will automatically enable AWS Config in each account and region.

AWS CloudFormation StackSets

Managing AWS Config Across Multiple Accounts

Step-by-Step Explanation:

Understand the Problem:

Ensure all users in the organization have read-level access to a specific S3 bucket.

The data should not be accessible outside the organization.

Analyze the Requirements:

Grant read access to users within the organization.

Prevent access from outside the organization.

Evaluate the Options:

Option A: Specify "*" as the principal and PrincipalOrgId as a condition.

This grants access to all AWS principals but restricts it to those within the specified organization using the PrincipalOrgId condition.

Option B: Specify all account numbers as the principal.

This is impractical for a large organization and requires constant updates if accounts are added or removed.

Option C: Specify PrincipalOrgId as the principal.

The PrincipalOrgId condition must be used within a policy, not as a principal.

Option D: Specify the organization's management account as the principal.

This grants access only to the management account, not to all users within the organization.

Select the Best Solution:

Option A: Using "*" as the principal with the PrincipalOrgId condition ensures all users within the organization have the required access while preventing external access.

Amazon S3 Bucket Policies

AWS Organizations Policy Examples

Using "*" as the principal with the PrincipalOrgId condition efficiently grants read access to the S3 bucket for all users within the organization.

To set up notifications for when combined billing exceeds a certain threshold for all AWS accounts within an organization, follow these steps:

Enable Billing Alerts:

In the payer account, go to the Billing and Cost Management console.

Under "Billing preferences", enable the "Receive Billing Alerts" option.

Set Up a Billing Alarm in CloudWatch:

Navigate to the CloudWatch console.

Create a new billing alarm, specifying the threshold for the combined billing amount.

Set the alarm to publish a notification to an SNS topic when the threshold is breached.

Publish SNS Message:

Create an SNS topic to receive the billing alarm notifications.

Configure the billing alarm to send notifications to the SNS topic.

Setting Up a CloudWatch Billing Alarm

AWS Billing and Cost Management User Guide

To centrally store traffic logs for the website and ensure all data is encrypted at rest, using an Amazon S3 bucket with default server-side encryption is the best solution.

Create an Amazon S3 Bucket with Server-Side Encryption:

Open the S3 console and create a new bucket.

In the bucket properties, enable default server-side encryption using AES-256.

Configure CloudFront to Use the S3 Bucket as a Log Destination:

Open the CloudFront console.

Select the CloudFront distribution and configure the logging settings.

Specify the S3 bucket as the log destination.

Server-Side Encryption:

Ensure that the S3 bucket is configured to use server-side encryption with AES-256 by default, ensuring that all logs stored are encrypted at rest.

Amazon S3 Server-Side Encryption

CloudFront Access Logs

Step-by-Step Explanation:

Understand the Problem:

Share an AMI with other AWS accounts while ensuring it is encrypted with AWS KMS keys and accessible only to authorized accounts.

Analyze the Requirements:

Encrypt the AMI with a customer-managed key (CMK).

Share the AMI securely with specific AWS accounts.

Evaluate the Options:

Option A: Create a CMK and modify the key policy but do not create a copy of the AMI.

This does not re-encrypt the AMI with the CMK.

Option B: Create a CMK, modify the key policy, create a copy of the AMI, and specify the CMK.

This ensures the AMI is encrypted with the CMK and shared securely.

Option C: Create a CMK, modify the key policy, create a copy of the AMI, and make it public.

Making the AMI public does not meet the requirement of sharing with specific accounts only.

Option D: Modify the key policy of the AWS managed key and share the AMI.

AWS managed keys cannot have their key policies modified to add permissions for other accounts.

Select the Best Solution:

Option B: Creating a CMK, modifying the key policy, creating a copy of the AMI with the CMK, and specifying the permissions ensures the AMI is securely shared with specific AWS accounts.

Copying an AMI

Creating and Managing Keys

Sharing AMIs

This solution ensures the AMI is encrypted with a customer-managed key and shared securely with the specified AWS accounts.

Retain the Security Group:

When deleting a CloudFormation stack, you can specify resources to be retained instead of deleted.

Steps:

Go to the AWS Management Console.

Navigate to CloudFormation and select the stack.

Choose to delete the stack.

In the deletion options, specify that the security group should be retained.

This will delete the stack but keep the security group, ensuring no impact on other applications.

Deleting a Stack

Using CloudFormation Stack Sets:

CloudFormation stack sets allow you to deploy CloudFormation stacks across multiple AWS accounts and regions.

Steps:

Go to the AWS Management Console.

Navigate to CloudFormation and select "StackSets."

Click on "Create StackSet."

Provide the template URL or upload a template file.

Configure the stack set options and specify the accounts and regions.

Deploy the stack set to the specified accounts and regions.

AWS CloudFormation StackSets

To allow outbound IPv6 traffic from instances in your VPC to the internet, but prevent inbound traffic from the internet, you should use an egress-only internet gateway.

Egress-Only Internet Gateway:

An egress-only internet gateway is a horizontally scaled, redundant, and highly available VPC component that allows outbound communication over IPv6 from instances in your VPC to the internet and prevents the internet from initiating an IPv6 connection with your instances.

Routing Configuration:

Open the Amazon VPC console.

Select the route table associated with your VPC.

Add a route for IPv6 traffic (destination ::/0) to the egress-only internet gateway.

Egress-Only Internet Gateways

Routing for IPv6 Traffic

# Enable instance scale-in protection for specific instance.

aws autoscaling set-instance-protection --instance-ids i-5f2e8a0d --auto-scaling-group-name my-asg --protected-from-scale-in

# Disable instance scale-in protection for the specified instance.

aws autoscaling set-instance-protection --instance-ids i-5f2e8a0d --auto-scaling-group-name my-asg --no-protected-from-scale-in

To ensure that EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling group are not interrupted during message processing, the most effective method is to implement scale-in protection for the instances while they are actively processing messages. This can be done programmatically by modifying the Auto Scaling group's settings using the Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling API.

Starting Message Processing: When an instance begins processing a message, your application should make an API call to enable scale-in protection. This is done using the SetInstanceProtection action, setting the ProtectedFromScaleIn parameter to true for that specific instance.

Completing Message Processing: Once the message has been processed, another API call should be made to disable scale-in protection. This is done by calling the SetInstanceProtection action again, but this time setting the ProtectedFromScaleIn parameter to false.

This method ensures that while messages are being processed, the instances are not terminated by the Auto Scaling group regardless of any scale-in activities that might be triggered by other parameters like CPU utilization or a decrease in the number of messages in the queue.

AWS Documentation Reference:

You can refer to the AWS documentation on managing instance scale-in protection in Auto Scaling groups for more details: Instance Scale-In Protection.

When managing performance and cost for EC2 instances across different families, the following steps are recommended:

Utilize AWS Compute Optimizer: This service provides recommendations for EC2 instances based on historical usage patterns and existing configurations. It helps identify optimal EC2 instance types and sizes that could deliver better performance and cost savings for your specific workload.

Implement Compute Savings Plans: After determining the most suitable instance types and sizes through Compute Optimizer, purchasing Compute Savings Plans can offer significant cost savings. These savings plans apply to any instance family across any region, providing flexibility and cost efficiency without upfront commitment to specific instance types.

AWS Documentation Reference:

Further details can be found in the AWS documentation on Compute Optimizer and Compute Savings Plans:

AWS Compute Optimizer

AWS Compute Savings Plans.

Technology to use is a VPC endpoint - "A VPC endpoint enables private connections between your VPC and supported AWS services and VPC endpoint services powered by AWS PrivateLink. AWS PrivateLink is a technology that enables you to privately access services by using private IP addresses. Traffic between your VPC and the other service does not leave the Amazon network." S3 is an example of a gateway endpoint. We want to see services in AWS while not leaving the VPC.

To view the cost details of each project in an AWS account using Cost Explorer, you need to activate cost allocation tags and tag the resources with a project identifier.

Activate Cost Allocation Tags:

Navigate to the AWS Billing and Cost Management console.

In the navigation pane, choose "Cost allocation tags".

Select the tags you want to activate (e.g., "Project") and click "Activate".

Tag Resources with Project Identifier:

Go to the AWS Management Console for each service where resources are deployed (e.g., EC2, S3, RDS).

For each resource, add a tag with the key "Project" and a value that identifies the project (e.g., "ProjectA").

Ensure that all relevant resources are tagged appropriately.

View Cost Allocation in Cost Explorer:

Navigate to the Cost Explorer console.

Use the "Group by" option to group costs by the "Project" tag.

Review the cost details for each project based on the tags applied to the resources.

Using Cost Allocation Tags

Analyzing Your Costs with Cost Explorer

To manage scaling of EC2 instances in response to variable SQS message loads effectively:

Monitor SQS Queue Size: Utilize Amazon CloudWatch to monitor the number of visible messages in the SQS queue. This metric gives an indication of the workload that needs to be processed by the worker instances.

Metric Math Expression: Create a CloudWatch metric math expression that calculates the approximate number of messages visible per instance. This provides a more precise scaling metric, ensuring that each instance in the Auto Scaling group has a manageable load.

Target Tracking Scaling Policy: Implement a target tracking scaling policy based on this metric math expression. Configure the Auto Scaling group to automatically adjust its size to maintain a target value for the average number of SQS messages per instance. This approach ensures that the EC2 instances scale up during high traffic periods and scale down when the message load decreases.

This solution optimizes resource utilization and cost while maintaining performance by ensuring that the worker processes are neither overwhelmed nor idle.

Applying SCPs to an Organizational Unit:

Service Control Policies (SCPs) allow you to manage permissions for multiple AWS accounts within an organization.

Steps:

Go to the AWS Management Console.

Navigate to AWS Organizations.

Create an Organizational Unit (OU) if not already created.

Move the target accounts into the OU.

Create an SCP that denies the use of the specific EC2 instance family.

Attach the SCP to the OU.

This approach ensures that the policy is applied consistently across all accounts in the OU.

AWS Organizations SCPs

To launch EC2 instances when there are no available private IPv4 addresses in the VPC, the SysOps administrator should associate a secondary IPv4 CIDR block with the VPC and create a new subnet for the VPC.

Associate a Secondary IPv4 CIDR Block:

Open the VPC console.

Select the VPC and choose "Actions" -> "Edit CIDRs."

Add a secondary IPv4 CIDR block to increase the number of available IP addresses.

Create a New Subnet:

After adding the secondary CIDR block, create a new subnet within this CIDR block.

This new subnet will provide additional private IP addresses for launching new EC2 instances.

Associating a CIDR Block with Your VPC

Creating a Subnet

As demand on your clusters changes, you might decide to improve performance or reduce costs by changing the number of shards in your Redis (cluster mode enabled) cluster. We recommend using online horizontal scaling to do so, because it allows your cluster to continue serving requests during the scaling process.

 Enable Access Logging for the ALB:

Access logging provides detailed information about requests sent to your load balancer.

Steps:

Go to the AWS Management Console.

Navigate to EC2 and select "Load Balancers."

Select your Application Load Balancer.

Under the "Attributes" tab, enable "Access logs."

Specify an S3 bucket where the logs will be saved.

Enable Access Logs for Your Load Balancer

 Use Amazon Athena to Query the ALB Logs:

Athena allows you to run SQL queries on data stored in S3.

Steps:

Go to the AWS Management Console.

Navigate to Athena.

Create a table for the ALB logs using the appropriate schema.

Run queries to calculate the total bytes sent and received, grouped by the target

field.

Example query:

SELECT target, SUM(received_bytes) as total_received, SUM(sent_bytes) as total_sent

FROM alb_logs

GROUP BY target, port

To ensure that EC2 instances in private subnets can access the internet for software updates while complying with the security policy that requires instances to be in private subnets, you should use a NAT gateway. A NAT gateway allows instances in private subnets to initiate outbound traffic to the internet but prevents the internet from initiating connections to those instances.

Steps:

Create a NAT Gateway:

Open the Amazon VPC console.

In the navigation pane, choose "NAT Gateways".

Choose "Create NAT Gateway".

Select the public subnet where you want to create the NAT gateway.

Choose an Elastic IP address for the NAT gateway.

Choose "Create a NAT Gateway".

Update the Route Table for Private Subnets:

Open the Amazon VPC console.

In the navigation pane, choose "Route Tables".

Select the route table associated with your private subnets.

Choose the "Routes" tab and then "Edit routes".

Add a route with the destination 0.0.0.0/0 and the target as the NAT gateway ID.

Save the changes.

This setup ensures that instances in private subnets can access the internet via the NAT gateway in the public subnet.

To address the performance issues of a CPU-heavy application running on a t2.large EC2 instance, the best course of action is to upgrade to a compute-optimized instance. Compute-optimized instances provide a higher ratio of CPU resources compared to memory, making them ideal for applications that require high CPU performance.

Upgrade to a Compute-Optimized Instance:

Identify a suitable compute-optimized instance type, such as the c5.large, which offers better CPU performance compared to the t2.large.

Stop the current EC2 instance and change the instance type to the chosen compute-optimized instance.

To automate the process of disabling unused IAM user accounts that have not been active for 90 days, using an AWS Config managed rule with an AWS Systems Manager automation runbook is the most operationally efficient method.

Set Up AWS Config Managed Rule:

Open the AWS Config console.

Create a rule using the managed rule iam-user-no-policies-check.

Configure the rule to trigger when IAM users have not been active for 90 days.

AWS Systems Manager Automation Runbook:

Create a Systems Manager automation document (runbook) to disable the access keys for inactive IAM users.

Use the aws:executeAutomation action to disable access keys and passwords.

Schedule the Automation:

Use Amazon EventBridge (formerly CloudWatch Events) to schedule the automation to run periodically.

AWS Config Managed Rules

AWS Systems Manager Automation

Scheduling AWS Systems Manager Automation

To configure replication of a DynamoDB table to another AWS Region for disaster recovery, you should use DynamoDB Global Tables. Global Tables use DynamoDB Streams to replicate changes across multiple regions.

Enable DynamoDB Streams:

Navigate to the DynamoDB console.

Select your table and enable DynamoDB Streams.

Add a Global Table Region:

With Streams enabled, go to the Global Tables tab.

Add a new region to the table, specifying the region where you want to replicate the data.

Automatic Replication:

DynamoDB will handle the replication of data across regions automatically, ensuring data consistency and high availability.

DynamoDB Global Tables

Enabling DynamoDB Streams

The AWS Personal Health Dashboard provides a personalized view into the performance and availability of the AWS services underlying your AWS resources. It can alert you about upcoming hardware maintenance that could affect your EC2 instances.

Access AWS Personal Health Dashboard:

Open the AWS Personal Health Dashboard at AWS Personal Health Dashboard.

View Service Health:

The dashboard shows a list of recent events, including upcoming scheduled maintenance that might impact your EC2 instances.

You can filter events to view those that specifically affect your EC2 instances.

Set Up Notifications:

You can configure AWS CloudWatch Events or Amazon SNS to send notifications based on Personal Health Dashboard events.

AWS Personal Health Dashboard

Monitoring AWS Health Events with Amazon CloudWatch Events

To address high I/O requirements during the bootstrap process, increasing both IOPS and throughput on the EBS volume is recommended:

Increase EBS Volume IOPS: Enhances the instance’s ability to handle multiple read and write operations per second, essential for data-heavy tasks like downloading Docker images.

Increase EBS Volume Throughput: Provides higher data transfer rates, reducing bottlenecks during intensive I/O operations.

Increasing instance size is unnecessary if the primary issue is disk I/O, and changing from Nitro-based instances would not address the underlying storage performance need.

AWS Config rules can be used to automatically detect and remediate noncompliant resources, such as security groups that allow inbound traffic from 0.0.0.0/0.

Steps:

Create a Custom AWS Config Rule:

Open the AWS Config console.

Choose "Rules" and then "Add rule".

Create a custom rule or use a predefined rule such as security-group-rule-restricted.

Configure Remediation:

Use AWS Config to set up automatic remediation.

Define an AWS Systems Manager Automation document that changes the source address from 0.0.0.0/0 to the approved CIDR block.

Associate this automation document with the AWS Config rule.

Deploy Across Accounts:

Use AWS Config Aggregator to aggregate the compliance data across multiple accounts.

Ensure the remediation actions are consistently applied across all accounts.

To reduce latency in data transfer among EC2 instances, especially in high-performance computing (HPC) applications or applications requiring low network latency, using a placement group is the best approach:

Understanding Placement Groups:

A placement group in Amazon EC2 is a logical grouping of instances within a single Availability Zone. Using placement groups, you can achieve low-latency network performance necessary for tightly coupled node-to-node communication.

Types of Placement Groups:

Cluster Placement Group: Instances are physically located close together in the same Availability Zone to provide low-latency network performance.

Partition Placement Group: Instances are divided into logical segments called partitions, reducing the likelihood of simultaneous failures.

Spread Placement Group: Instances are placed on distinct underlying hardware to reduce correlated failures.

Creating and Using a Placement Group:

You can create a placement group using the AWS Management Console, AWS CLI, or AWS SDKs.

When launching instances, specify the placement group to ensure they are launched within the same group.

aws ec2 create-placement-group --group-name my-placement-group --strategy cluster

aws ec2 run-instances --image-id ami-12345678 --count 4 --instance-type c5.large --placement GroupName=my-placement-group

Relocating Existing Instances:

Stop the instances, modify the placement group settings, and then restart them. Note that not all instance types are supported within placement groups, so check the documentation for compatibility.

Placement Groups

Cluster Instances for Low-Latency

geolocation "Geolocation routing lets you choose the resources that serve your traffic based on the geographic location of your users, meaning the location that DNS queries originate from. For example, you might want all queries from Europe to be routed to an ELB load balancer in the Frankfurt region."

Could be confused with geoproximity - "Geoproximity routing lets Amazon Route 53 route traffic to your resources based on the geographic location of your users and your resources. You can also optionally choose to route more traffic or less to a given resource by specifying a value, known as a bias. A bias expands or shrinks the size of the geographic region from which traffic is routed to a resource" the use case is not needed as per question.

To enable automatic failover for RDS (MySQL in this case), you must configure it as a Multi-AZ deployment.

From Amazon RDS Multi-AZ documentation:

Multi-AZ deployments provide high availability and automatic failover support.

❌ Why other options are incorrect:

A: Changing engine to PostgreSQL does not help with failover.

C: Read replicas are used for scaling reads, not failover.

D: Automated backups help with point-in-time recovery, not failover.

To improve the high availability of an application that utilizes Amazon RDS and experiences failure when an Availability Zone becomes unavailable:

Multi-AZ Deployment for RDS: Enable Multi-AZ deployments for your Amazon RDS instance. This setting ensures that RDS automatically provisions and maintains a synchronous standby replica in a different Availability Zone.

Automatic Failover: In the event of a primary RDS instance failure, RDS will automatically failover to the standby so that database operations can resume quickly with minimal disruption.

High Availability Configuration: This configuration not only enhances the robustness of the database component but also ensures that the application remains operational even if one Availability Zone is experiencing issues.

Enabling Multi-AZ for RDS is crucial for maintaining high availability and ensuring that the application remains resilient in the face of AZ disruptions.

To use tags to filter views in the AWS Cost Explorer console, the tags must be activated for cost allocation.

Activate User-Defined Tags for Cost Allocation:

Open the AWS Billing and Cost Management console.

In the navigation pane, choose "Cost Allocation Tags."

Activate the user-defined tags that you want to use for cost allocation.

Activating User-Defined Cost Allocation Tags

To prevent Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL Multi-AZ DB instances from running low on disk space, enabling storage auto-scaling is the most straightforward solution. This feature automatically adjusts the storage capacity of the DB instance when it approaches its limit, thus preventing the database from running out of space and triggering CloudWatch alarms. Option C is the least intrusive and most effective solution as it only requires a modification to the existing CloudFormation template to enable auto-scaling on storage. For reference, see AWS documentation on managing RDS storage automatically Managing RDS Storage Automatically.

The requirement to share the same underlying files among EC2 instances with data consistency is best met by using Amazon Elastic File System (EFS), which supports concurrent access from multiple EC2 instances. A new launch template version should include user data scripts that mount the EFS file system on each instance launched by the Auto Scaling group. Older instances can be cycled out to ensure all instances use the new configuration. Option A is correct and provides the necessary solution while ensuring data consistency and availability. For implementation guidance, refer to the AWS documentation on integrating EFS with EC2 Amazon EFS Integration with EC2.

Based on the attached policy, the following actions are allowed for the IAM user:

Allow Amazon RDS DescribeDBInstances Action:

The policy allows rds:Describe* actions on all resources without any condition, so the user can describe RDS instances in any region.

Example action:

rds:DescribeDBInstances

Generate a policy by using AWS Identity and Access Management Access Analyzer. AWS CloudTrail is a service that records all API calls made on your account. You can use this data to generate a policy with AWS Identity and Access Management Access Analyzer that only allows the permissions that the application requires. This will ensure that the application only has the necessary permissions and will protect the company from any unauthorized access.

For improving upload performance globally for an Amazon S3 bucket, enabling S3 Transfer Acceleration is the best solution. This service optimizes file transfers to S3 using Amazon CloudFront's globally distributed edge locations. After enabling this feature, uploads to the S3 bucket are first routed to an AWS edge location and then transferred to S3 over an optimized network path. Option C is correct, and the developers should use the provided accelerate endpoint in their API calls. For more details, consult the AWS documentation on S3 Transfer Acceleration Amazon S3 Transfer Acceleration.

Objective:

Resolve the failure of the CloudFormation Auto Scaling group resource creation due to a missing wait condition signal.

cfn-signal:

The cfn-signal command is used in user data scripts to signal CloudFormation that the resource has been successfully created or configured.

This ensures the stack creation process continues as expected.

Steps to Implement:

At the end of the user data script in the EC2 launch template:

Add the command: cfn-signal --stack --resource --region

Replace , , and with appropriate values.

AWS References:

cfn-signal:Using cfn-signal to Signal Completion

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

Option B: While port 443 is necessary for CloudFormation signaling, the main issue is the absence of cfn-signal.

Option C: Reducing DesiredCapacity may bypass the error but does not solve the root cause.

Option D: Associating a public IP may help connectivity but is unrelated to the wait condition.

The rejected traffic in the flow logs is due to the network ACL associated with the subnet not allowing outbound traffic for the ephemeral port range.

Network ACLs:

Network ACLs act as a firewall for controlling traffic in and out of one or more subnets.

By default, NACLs allow all inbound and outbound traffic, but custom NACLs require specific rules to allow traffic.

Ephemeral Ports:

Ephemeral ports are temporary ports used for client-side communication. The default range is 1024-65535.

Ensure that the network ACL allows outbound traffic on these ports.

Steps to Resolve:

Check the network ACL rules for the associated subnet.

Add outbound rules to allow traffic from the ephemeral port range (1024-65535).

Amazon VPC Network ACLs

In AWS, each subnet has a fixed CIDR block, and the number of available IP addresses is determined by this block. For example, a /28 subnet provides 16 IP addresses, but 5 are reserved by AWS, leaving 11 usable IPs.

Since the subnet is already at capacity:

Create a New Subnet:

Choose a CIDR block that doesn't overlap with existing subnets.

Ensure it's within the VPC's CIDR range.

Launch additional EC2 instances in this new subnet.

This approach allows for the deployment of more instances without modifying existing subnets.

The MixedInstancesPolicy feature in Auto Scaling groups allows for the configuration of both On-Demand and Spot Instances within a single Auto Scaling group, balancing cost savings and high availability:

MixedInstancesPolicy: Enables configuration to maintain a minimum of three On-Demand Instances and add Spot Instances when prices drop, without the need to create separate launch templates.

Setting Maximum Spot Price: Ensures that additional Spot Instances are launched only when within the defined budget.

This solution offers the least management overhead, as it combines both On-Demand and Spot instances seamlessly in one configuration.

To host a static website on Amazon S3, the SysOps administrator needs to configure the bucket for public access and set up the static website hosting. Here's how to complete this process:

Turn off "Block all public access": Amazon S3 buckets have "Block all public access" settings enabled by default for security. Since the webpage needs to be accessible publicly, this setting must be disabled. This step is crucial to allow public read access to the web content.

Set a bucket policy: After disabling "Block all public access," set a bucket policy that explicitly allows public read access to the S3 bucket. This policy should allow the s3:GetObject action for everyone, which can be set by specifying "Principal": "*". This policy ensures that anyone can view the webpage but does not grant permissions to modify or delete the content.

Create an index.html document and configure static website hosting: The next step is to create an index.html file, which will serve as the entry point of the website. After creating this file, upload it to the bucket. Then, configure the bucket for static website hosting through the S3 management console. This setting enables the S3 bucket to serve the webpage directly from the index.html file.

Combining these actions, the S3 bucket will be properly configured to host and serve the static website with minimal operational overhead and maximum accessibility.

To resolve DNS names for on-premises resources from EC2 instances in a VPC, you use Amazon Route 53 Resolver outbound endpoints to forward DNS queries to on-premises DNS servers.

From the Route 53 Resolver documentation:

Resolver outbound endpoints allow DNS queries from resources in your VPC to be forwarded to DNS servers in your on-premises network over Direct Connect or VPN.

Enabling Instance Scale-In Protection:

Instance scale-in protection prevents Auto Scaling from terminating specific instances.

Steps:

Go to the AWS Management Console.

Navigate to EC2 and select "Auto Scaling Groups."

Select your Auto Scaling group.

Go to the "Instance management" tab.

Select the instances you want to protect and click "Actions."

Choose "Enable scale-in protection."

This ensures that instances are not terminated during troubleshooting.

Instance Scale-In Protection

NAT Gateway resides in public subnet, and traffic should be routed from private subnet to NAT Gateway:

"Network Load Balancer is optimized to handle sudden and volatile traffic patterns while using a single static IP address per Availability Zone."

For an application that must scale to millions of requests per second and requires a single static IP address for each Availability Zone, a Network Load Balancer (NLB) is the most suitable option. NLBs are designed for high-performance, low-latency networking, and they support static IP addresses for each Availability Zone, making it ideal for volatile traffic patterns. Option D is the correct choice. AWS provides extensive documentation on NLB capabilities and configurations that suit these requirements AWS Network Load Balancer.

AWS EBS snapshots are incremental, meaning that after the initial full snapshot, only the blocks that have changed since the last snapshot are saved. Here’s how the storage adds up based on your scenario:

First Snapshot: Captures all 10 GiB of data.

Second Snapshot: Only 4 GiB have changed, so only these changed blocks are stored.

Third Snapshot: An additional 2 GiB of data are added, making only these new 2 GiB stored.

Thus, the total storage required is 10 GiB (initial snapshot) + 4 GiB (second snapshot) + 2 GiB (third snapshot) = 16 GiB.

AWS Documentation Reference:

Details on how EBS snapshots store data can be found here: Amazon EBS Snapshots.

Encrypt the snapshot copies by using AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS). This solution will allow the company to automatically create encrypted snapshots of the EBS volumes and copy them to different AWS Regions with minimal effort.

To route traffic for a subdomain to a CloudFront distribution using Amazon Route 53, you should create an A record with the CloudFront distribution's domain name as the alias target.

Login to AWS Management Console:

Open the Route 53 console at Amazon Route 53 Console.

Select Hosted Zone:

Select the hosted zone for your domain (example.com).

Create Record Set:

Click on Create record.

For Record name, enter static.

Select A - IPv4 address for the record type.

For Alias, choose Yes.

In the Alias Target field, select the CloudFront distribution's domain name from the dropdown menu.

Save Record Set:

Review the settings and click Create records.

This setup directs traffic for static.example.com to the CloudFront distribution, leveraging the distribution's caching and delivery capabilities.

Routing Traffic to a CloudFront Distribution by Using Your Domain Name

Creating Records in Route 53

"When you enable log file integrity validation, CloudTrail creates a hash for every log file that it delivers. Every hour, CloudTrail also creates and delivers a file that references the log files for the last hour and contains a hash of each. This file is called a digest file. Validated log files are invaluable in security and forensic investigations"

To deliver digital content to authorized users through CloudFront while restricting unauthorized access, you can use an origin access identity (OAI) with signed URLs.

Store Content in S3 with Public Access Blocked:

Ensure the S3 bucket has public access blocked.

Navigate to the S3 console, select the bucket, and configure the "Block Public Access" settings.

ElastiCache for Redis offers Global Datastore, which:

Enables low-latency read access in multiple AWS Regions.

Allows read/write in the primary Region, and read-only in secondaries.

Provides data consistency across Regions, which meets the use case.

From ElastiCache Redis Global Datastore documentation:

Global Datastore replicates data between Regions using asynchronous replication. Supports cross-region read scalability.

HTTP 502 errors from CloudFront can occur because of the following reasons:

There's an SSL negotiation failure because the origin is using SSL/TLS protocols and ciphers that aren't supported by CloudFront.

There's an SSL negotiation failure because the SSL certificate on the origin is expired or invalid, or because the certificate chain is invalid.

There's a host header mismatch in the SSL negotiation between your CloudFront distribution and the custom origin.

The custom origin isn't responding on the ports specified in the origin settings of the CloudFront distribution.

The custom origin is ending the connection to CloudFront too quickly.

Amazon CloudFront is a global content delivery network (CDN) service that delivers your content with low latency and high transfer speeds. By distributing the static content (images and videos) to CloudFront edge locations, users in the United States and Europe can access the content from the nearest edge location, significantly improving the load times.

Create a CloudFront Distribution:

Open the Amazon CloudFront console at Amazon CloudFront Console.

Choose Create Distribution and select Web.

Specify the S3 bucket as the origin where your static content is stored.

Configure Distribution Settings:

Configure the settings, such as cache behaviors and SSL/TLS settings.

Optionally, configure additional features like geo-restriction and logging.

Update DNS Configuration:

Update your DNS records to point to the CloudFront distribution. This can be done via Amazon Route 53 or your DNS provider.

Monitor Performance:

Use CloudFront reports and logs to monitor the performance and adjust configurations if needed.

Amazon CloudFront Overview

Creating a CloudFront Distribution

To allow the EC2 instance in the private subnet to establish a secure connection to an external web server, follow these steps:

Modify Security Group:

Add an outbound rule to the security group of the EC2 instance with the following parameters:

Type: HTTPS

Destination: 0.0.0.0/0

This allows outbound HTTPS traffic to the internet.

Objective:

Receive a notification when both disk space usage and DiskReadOps exceed threshold values.

Composite Alarms:

Composite alarms allow combining multiple metric alarms into a single alarm. Notifications are triggered only when all conditions are met.

Steps to Implement:

Step 1: Install the CloudWatch agent on the EC2 instances and configure it to monitor disk space.

Step 2: Create individual metric alarms:

One for disk space usage.

One for the DiskReadOps metric.

Step 3: Create a composite alarm:

Include both metric alarms.

Configure the composite alarm to send notifications to the SNS topic when both conditions are met.

AWS References:

Composite Alarms in CloudWatch:Creating Composite Alarms

CloudWatch Agent Installation:Install CloudWatch Agent

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

Option B: This would trigger notifications for either condition, not both simultaneously.

Option C: EBSByteBalance% is unrelated to free disk space.

Option D: Detailed monitoring is not required for composite alarms.

Step-by-Step Explanation:

AWS Budgets Overview:

AWS Budgets enables you to set custom cost and usage budgets, and it provides alerts when you exceed those thresholds. It is designed for cost management with minimal operational overhead.

Recurring Cost Budget Creation:

Go to the AWS Budgets Console.

Select Create a budget.

Choose the Cost budget option.

Define whether this budget tracks actual costs or forecasted costs (you will create two budgets, one for each).

Configure the Budget Thresholds:

Set your budget thresholds for both actual costs and forecasted costs.

For example:

Actual Costs Alert: Budget = $1000, Alert at 80% usage ($800).

Forecasted Costs Alert: Budget = $1000, Alert at forecasted usage exceeding 80% ($800).

Alert Configuration:

In the budget creation process, enable Notifications and Actions.

Specify the email addresses or an Amazon SNS Topic to receive alerts.

Set up alerts for both:

Actual Cost Exceeding Budget.

Forecasted Cost Exceeding Budget.

Amazon SNS Setup:

If using an SNS topic, ensure an Amazon SNS topic is created.

Grant appropriate permissions for the Budget service to publish to the SNS topic.

Add subscribers (e.g., email addresses or endpoints) to the SNS topic.

Automation and Monitoring:

Once set up, AWS Budgets continuously monitors actual and forecasted costs.

Alerts are sent automatically when thresholds are breached, reducing manual overhead and reliance on periodic monitoring.

Why This is the Best Option (Least Operational Overhead):

AWS Budgets directly integrates with SNS, allowing real-time alerts without building custom workflows or parsing reports.

It is a native AWS service specifically designed for cost tracking, minimizing complexity and setup time.

No custom code or additional services like Lambda or Step Functions are required, reducing operational maintenance.

In this scenario, the issue is that the EC2 instances are marked healthy by status checks, but the website is still intermittently failing, returning HTTP 500 errors.

This indicates that the OS-level checks are passing, but the application is not behaving properly. To resolve this, the Auto Scaling group must use ALB (ELB) health checks which verify application-level health, not just EC2 status.

From the Auto Scaling User Guide:

By default, an Auto Scaling group uses EC2 instance status checks to determine the health state of an instance. You can optionally configure the Auto Scaling group to use Elastic Load Balancing health checks in combination with EC2 status checks.

These health checks allow Auto Scaling to detect application failures and replace unhealthy instances automatically.

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

A. Network Load Balancer is for TCP-level traffic and does not solve HTTP 500 errors.

C. Sticky sessions are used for session persistence and don’t solve server errors.

D. Installing CloudWatch agents and rebooting is reactive and not an automated health check replacement system.

Amazon EFS supports two forms of encryption for file systems, encryption of data in transit and encryption at rest. You can enable encryption of data at rest when creating an Amazon EFS file system. You can enable encryption of data in transit when you mount the file system.

"In EventBridge, you can create an archive of events so that you can easily replay them at a later time. For example, you might want to replay events to recover from errors or to validate new functionality in your application."

Amazon CloudWatch Logs Insights allows you to interactively search and analyze your log data. This can be used to quickly identify the top internet destinations accessed by the EC2 instances.

Steps:

Open CloudWatch Logs Insights:

Open the Amazon CloudWatch console.

In the navigation pane, choose "Logs Insights".

Select the Log Group:

Select the log group that contains the VPC flow logs for the NAT gateway.

Run a Query:

Use the following query to identify the top five internet destinations:

sql

Copy code

fields @timestamp, dstAddr

| stats count(*) as requestCount by dstAddr

| sort requestCount desc

| limit 5

This query will count the number of requests to each destination address, sort them in descending order, and limit the results to the top five.

Analyze Results:

Review the output to identify the top five internet destinations that the EC2 instances communicate with for downloads.

CloudTrail Log File Integrity Validation:

AWS CloudTrail provides a feature for log file integrity validation to ensure logs have not been modified or deleted.

Steps to Enable and Validate:

Enable Log File Integrity Validation:

Go to the CloudTrail Console.

Select or create a trail.

In the trail settings, enable Log file validation.

Use the AWS CLI for Validation:

Use the following CLI command:

aws cloudtrail validate-logs --trail-name

This command validates the digest files generated by CloudTrail against the log files.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

B: Using the AWS CloudTrail Processing Library is unnecessary for validation.

C: CloudTrail Insights is designed to identify unusual activity, not monitor log modifications.

D: Amazon CloudWatch Logs cannot directly monitor CloudTrail logs for integrity.

To reduce the cost of EC2 instances with a 1-year commitment across different regions, purchasing a Compute Savings Plan is the most suitable option.

Compute Savings Plan:

Compute Savings Plans provide the most flexibility and help to reduce your costs by up to 66%, offering savings on a variety of EC2 instance usage.

These plans apply to usage across any AWS Region, and they also apply to AWS Lambda and AWS Fargate usage.

Flexibility Across Regions:

Unlike Reserved Instances, which are tied to a specific instance family and region, Compute Savings Plans provide savings across any EC2 instance usage, regardless of region, instance family, operating system, or tenancy.

This flexibility is ideal for the company's requirement to migrate workloads from the eu-west-1 region to the eu-west-3 region within the commitment period.

Implementation:

Open the AWS Cost Management console.

Navigate to the "Savings Plans" section.

Purchase a Compute Savings Plan with a 1-year term.

AWS Savings Plans

Compute Savings Plans

To analyze CloudWatch logs across multiple AWS Lambda functions for historical errors, the most operationally efficient way is to use AWS Glue and Amazon Athena.

AWS Glue and Amazon Athena:

AWS Glue can crawl the data in S3, creating a catalog that makes it queryable.

Amazon Athena allows you to run SQL queries on the data cataloged by AWS Glue.

Steps to Implement:

Set up an AWS Glue crawler to index the logs stored in S3.

Configure the crawler to create a table in the AWS Glue Data Catalog.

Use Amazon Athena to query the table for errors using SQL. Since errors have a common string prefix, you can use SQL queries to filter and find these errors.

AWS Glue

Amazon Athena

This is a classic decoupling scenario — SQS is used to buffer requests between frontend (producer) and backend (consumer) to handle sudden traffic spikes.

From SQS documentation:

SQS is a fully managed message queuing service that enables you to decouple and scale microservices, distributed systems, and serverless applications.

This approach ensures messages are not lost and the backend can process at its own pace.

To support a wide variety of cloud storage workloads, Amazon EFS offers two performance modes, General Purpose mode and Max I/O mode. You choose a file system's performance mode when you create it, and it cannot be changed. If the PercentIOLimit percentage returned was at or near 100 percent for a significant amount of time during the test, your application should use the Max I/O performance mode.

To automate the initialization of additional EBS volumes on Windows EC2 instances, the most effective approach is to integrate initialization scripts within the instance so that they execute upon startup:

Configure Initialization Script: Use a Windows PowerShell script (InitializeDisks.ps1) to initialize and format the additional EBS volumes. The script can assign drive letters based on configurations specified in DriveLetterMappingConfig.json.

Automate at Launch: Ensure that the PowerShell script runs automatically upon instance startup. This can be configured through Windows Task Scheduler or by setting it up in the startup folder.

Create a Custom AMI: Once the instance is configured with the script and successfully initializes the disks on startup, create a new AMI from this setup. This AMI can then be used to launch new instances that will automatically initialize their additional EBS volumes with no manual intervention required.

This method leverages native Windows tools and AWS capabilities to automate EBS volume initialization, enhancing operational efficiency without additional external dependencies.

To provision AWS accounts for each team with a defined baseline and governance guardrails in a scalable and efficient way, using AWS Control Tower is the best solution.

AWS Control Tower:

AWS Control Tower provides a straightforward way to set up and govern a secure, multi-account AWS environment based on best practices.

It uses Account Factory, a feature that automates the creation of new AWS accounts with predefined configurations.

Creating Accounts with Control Tower:

Navigate to the AWS Control Tower console.

Use Account Factory to create a new account.

Customize the account template to include the necessary configurations, such as organizational units (OUs), guardrails, and baselines.

Advantages:

Ensures consistent security and compliance across all accounts.

Automates account creation and configuration, saving time and reducing errors.

AWS Control Tower

Setting Up Account Factory

Ref.

Amazon S3 Batch Operations is a feature that lets you perform large-scale batch operations on S3 objects. It is the most operationally efficient way to replace a tag on all objects in an S3 bucket.

Create an S3 Batch Operations Job:

Open the Amazon S3 console at Amazon S3 Console.

Navigate to Batch Operations and create a new job.

Specify the Operation:

Choose the operation to replace all object tags.

Provide a manifest that lists the objects in the bucket. You can generate this manifest using an S3 inventory report.

Execute the Job:

Review the job configuration and submit it.

Monitor the job execution to ensure all tags are replaced as specified.

Using S3 Batch Operations automates the process and minimizes manual effort.

Amazon S3 Batch Operations

Tagging Amazon S3 Objects

To troubleshoot connectivity issues for an EC2 instance that's not accessible via RDP after moving to a private subnet, VPC flow logs are the most direct and useful tool. VPC flow logs capture information about the IP traffic going to and from network interfaces in your VPC, enabling you to identify whether the traffic to the EC2 instance is being allowed or rejected. Setting up flow logs for the EC2 instance’s network interface will help pinpoint any blocks or drops in traffic that could be causing the timeout error. Option C is the correct action as it directly investigates the traffic flow, which is crucial for resolving connectivity issues. AWS documentation on VPC flow logs provides further details VPC Flow Logs.

To determine the service costs incurred by each developer, follow these steps:

Activate the createdBy Tag:

Tagging resources with a createdBy tag helps identify which user created the resource. This tag should be applied consistently across all resources created by the developers.

To improve the performance of an Amazon Elastic File System (EFS) when users report slower file retrieval times, configuring the file system for Provisioned Throughput is an effective solution.

Login to AWS Management Console:

Open the Amazon EFS console at Amazon EFS Console.

Select the File System:

In the EFS console, select the file system that you want to modify.

Modify Throughput Settings:

Choose File system policy and then Manage file system policy.

Under Throughput mode, select Provisioned Throughput.

Specify the desired throughput in MiB/s based on your application's needs.

Apply Changes:

Save the changes to apply the new throughput settings to the file system.

Amazon EFS Performance

Managing Throughput Modes

 IAM Identity Center SAML Metadata:

This metadata is required to establish the trust relationship between AWS IAM Identity Center and the external SAML 2.0 identity provider.

Steps:

Download the IAM Identity Center SAML metadata from the AWS Management Console.

Provide this metadata to the external IdP.

 IdP Metadata:

The metadata from the IdP, including the public X.509 certificate, is needed to configure the trust relationship.

Steps:

Obtain the IdP metadata, which includes the entity ID, endpoints, and X.509 certificate.

Configure the IAM Identity Center with this information.

Configuring SAML 2.0 Federation with AWS IAM Identity Center

AWS OpsWorks is a configuration management service that provides managed instances of Chef and Puppet. This service is designed to work seamlessly with Chef recipes, making it the most operationally efficient solution for continuing to use existing Chef recipes after migrating applications to AWS.

Creating an OpsWorks Stack:

Open the AWS OpsWorks console at AWS OpsWorks Console.

Create a new stack and select Chef as the configuration management engine.

Adding Layers:

Add layers to the stack that represent different parts of your application. Each layer can have its own set of Chef recipes.

Assign instances to these layers as needed.

Deploying Chef Recipes:

Upload your existing Chef recipes to the OpsWorks stack.

Configure the layers to use these recipes during setup, deployment, and other lifecycle events.

AWS OpsWorks

Working with Stacks

To serve static websites using S3 and Route 53, AWS requires the bucket name to match the custom domain name (e.g., not just a random bucket like example-website-hosting-bucket.

From the Amazon S3 Static Website Hosting Guide:

To use Amazon Route 53 to route domain traffic to an S3 bucket that is configured as a static website, the bucket name must match the name of the domain or subdomain.

This means:

To host you must create an S3 bucket named

Then configure static website hosting on that bucket

In Route 53, you can then create an alias record pointing to the S3 website endpoint

❌ Why the other options are incorrect:

A. ARNs are not valid alias targets in Route 53.

B. ARN changes do not affect Route 53; also, you cannot rename an S3 bucket via ARN changes.

C. Access Points do not support static website hosting. They are for programmatic access via APIs.

To identify changes made by the compromised access key, the SysOps administrator should search the AWS CloudTrail event history:

AWS CloudTrail:

CloudTrail logs all API calls made in an AWS account, which includes events initiated by access keys. This makes it the ideal service to investigate changes made using the compromised access key.

To restrict resource creation in unapproved regions across multiple AWS accounts efficiently, combining SCPs and Control Tower settings is effective:

SCP for Regional Restrictions: Create and apply an SCP that explicitly denies access to AWS services in unapproved regions. This policy will enforce region-based restrictions at the organizational unit or account level.

Control Tower Regional Governance: Adjust the settings in AWS Control Tower's landing zone to include governance for approved regions. This helps in maintaining a standard configuration that aligns with organizational policies regarding AWS regions.

AWS Documentation Reference:

For more information, check the AWS documentation on SCPs and AWS Control Tower:

Service Control Policies

AWS Control Tower.

To improve the performance of the website with long loading times, leveraging Amazon CloudFront for caching static content and implementing EC2 Auto Scaling are effective strategies.

Add Amazon CloudFront Caching:

Navigate to the CloudFront console and create a new distribution.

For the origin, specify the S3 bucket where the static content is stored.

Configure caching settings to ensure that static content is cached at edge locations for faster delivery to end users.

Update the DNS settings in Amazon Route 53 to point to the CloudFront distribution for static content.

Implement EC2 Auto Scaling:

Go to the EC2 console and create a new launch configuration or launch template for the web servers.

Set up an Auto Scaling group using the launch configuration/template.

Configure the Auto Scaling group to use health checks, and specify the desired, minimum, and maximum number of instances.

Define scaling policies to add or remove instances based on CPU utilization or other metrics.

Distribute instances across multiple Availability Zones for high availability.

Amazon CloudFront Developer Guide

Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling

Here are the steps to configure Amazon EventBridge to meet the above requirements:

Log in to the AWS Management Console by using the AWS Management Console shortcut from the VM desktop. Make sure that you are logged in to the desired AWS account.

Go to the EventBridge service in the us-east-2 Region.

In the EventBridge service, navigate to the "Event buses" page.

Click on the "Create event bus" button.

Give a name to your event bus, and select "default" as the event source type.

Navigate to "Rules" page and create a new rule named "RunFunction"

In the "Event pattern" section, select "Schedule" as the event source and set the schedule to run every 15 minutes.

In the "Actions" section, select "Send to Lambda" and choose the existing AWS Lambda function named "LogEventFunction"

Create another rule named "SpotWarning"

In the "Event pattern" section, select "EC2" as the event source, and filter the events on "EC2 Spot Instance interruption"

In the "Actions" section, select "Send to SNS topic" and create a new standard Amazon SNS topic named "TopicEvents"

In the "Input Transformer" section, set the Input Path to {“instance” : “$.detail.instance-id”} and Input template to “The EC2 Spot Instance has been interrupted on account.

Now all Amazon EC2 events in the default event bus will be replayable for past 90 days.

Note:

You can use the AWS Management Console, AWS CLI, or SDKs to create and manage EventBridge resources.

You can use CloudTrail event history to replay events from the past 90 days.

You can refer to the AWS EventBridge documentation for more information on how to configure and use the service:

Here are the steps to update an existing AWS CloudFormation stack:

Log in to the AWS Management Console and navigate to the CloudFormation service in the us-east-2 Region.

Find the existing stack named 1700182 and click on it.

Click on the "Update" button.

Choose "Replace current template" and upload the updated CloudFormation template from the Amazon S3 bucket named "cloudformation-bucket"

In the "Parameter" section, update the EC2 instance type to us-east-t2.nano and add the IP address range 192.168.100.0/30 for SSH access.

Replace the instance profile IAM role with IamRoleB.

In the "Capabilities" section, check the checkbox for "IAM Resources"

Choose the role CFServiceR01e and click on "Update Stack"

Wait for the stack to be updated.

Once the update is complete, navigate to the stack and click on the "Stack options" button, and select "Prevent updates to prevent accidental deletion"

To get the value of the Prodlnstanceld , navigate to the "Outputs" tab in the CloudFormation stack and find the key "Prodlnstanceld". The value corresponding to it is the value that you need to enter in the text box below.

Note:

You can use AWS CloudFormation to update an existing stack.

You can use the AWS CloudFormation service role to deploy updates.

You can refer to the AWS CloudFormation documentation for more information on how to update and manage stacks:

Here are the steps to configure an Amazon S3 bucket to serve a static error page in the event of a failure at the primary site:

Log in to the AWS Management Console and navigate to the S3 service in the us-east-2 Region.

Find the existing S3 bucket named lab-751906329398-26023898.com and click on it.

In the "Properties" tab, click on "Static website hosting" and select "Use this bucket to host a website".

In "Index Document" field, enter the name of the object that you want to use as the index document, in this case, "index.html"

In the "Permissions" tab, click on "Block Public Access", and make sure that "Block all public access" is turned OFF.

Click on "Bucket Policy" and add the following policy to allow public read access:

{

"Version": "2012-10-17",

"Statement": [

{

"Sid": "PublicReadGetObject",

"Effect": "Allow",

"Principal": "*",

"Action": "s3:GetObject",

"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::lab-751906329398-26023898.com/*"

}

]

}

Now navigate to the Amazon Route 53 service, and find the existing hosted zone named lab-751906329398-26023898.com.

Click on the "A record" and update the routing policy to "Primary - Failover" and add the existing ALB as the primary record.

Click on "Create Record" button and create a new secondary failover alias record for the domain lab-751906329398-26023898.com that routes traffic to the existing S3 bucket.

Now, when the primary site (ALB) goes down, traffic will be automatically routed to the S3 bucket serving the static error page.

Note:

You can use CloudWatch to monitor the health of your ALB.

You can use Amazon S3 to host a static website.

You can use Amazon Route 53 for routing traffic to different resources based on health checks.

You can refer to the AWS documentation for more information on how to configure and use these services:

Graphical user interface, application, Teams Description automatically generated