Databricks-Certified-Data-Engineer-Associate Leak Questions

 The spark.sql method can be used to execute SQL queries programmatically and return the result as a DataFrame. The spark.sql method accepts a string argument that contains a valid SQL statement. The data engineer can use a formatted string literal (f-string) to insert the Python variable table_name into the SQL query. The other methods are either invalid or not suitable for running SQL queries. References: Running SQL Queries Programmatically, Formatted string literals, spark.sql

The MERGE INTO command is used to perform upserts, which are a combination of insertions and updates, based on a source table into a target Delta table1. The MERGE INTO command can handle scenarios where the target table cannot contain duplicate records, such as when there is a primary key or a unique constraint on the target table. The MERGE INTO command can match the source and target rows based on a merge condition and perform different actions depending on whether the rows are matched or not. For example, the MERGE INTO command can update the existing target rows with the new source values, insert the new source rows that do not exist in the target table, or delete the target rows that do not exist in the source table1.

The INSERT INTO command is used to append new rows to an existing table or create a new table from a query result2. The INSERT INTO command does not perform any updates or deletions on the existing target table rows. The INSERT INTO command can handle scenarios where the location of the data needs to be changed, such as when the data needs to be moved from one table to another, or when the data needs to be partitioned by a certain column2. The INSERT INTO command can also handle scenarios where the target table is an external table, such as when the data is stored in an external storage system like Amazon S3 or Azure Blob Storage3. The INSERT INTO command can also handle scenarios where the source table can be deleted, such as when the source table is a temporary table or a view4. The INSERT INTO command can also handle scenarios where the source is not a Delta table, such as when the source is a Parquet, CSV, JSON, or Avro file5.