Free and Premium Google Professional-Data-Engineer Dumps Questions Answers

Reference

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

The requirements are role-based access, masking specific columns (PII) for one role, and avoiding data duplication.

Option B is the correct answer because it directly addresses all requirements using Google Cloud's modern data governance tools. You use Data Catalog (governed by Dataplex) to create a taxonomy and policy tags (e.g., a "PII" tag). You apply this tag to the sensitive columns in your BigQuery table. Then, using IAM, you can grant the HR Analyst role access to the table but apply a data masking policy to the "PII" tag for that role. When an analyst queries the table, BigQuery dynamically masks the tagged columns for them at query time. The HR Admin role is granted full access without the masking policy. This provides fine-grained security without creating any copies of the data.

Option A is a valid but older approach. An authorized view could work, but it requires manually maintaining the view's SQL definition. Policy tags are more scalable and manageable, especially as the number of tables and policies grows.

Options C and D are incorrect because they both involve creating a new, separate dataset with masked data. This explicitly violates the requirement to "reduce data duplication."

Reference (Google Cloud Documentation Concepts):

This is the primary use case for column-level security in BigQuery. The official documentation shows how to "Restrict access with BigQuery column-level security" by creating a taxonomy and policy tags in Data Catalog. You then grant IAM permissions on these policy tags (roles/datacatalog.categoryFineGrainedReader) to different groups of users. For users who should see masked data, you do not grant them this role on the sensitive tags, and a data masking rule (e.g., nullification, hashing) can be applied. This entire governance framework can be managed centrally via Dataplex.

A hopping window is a type of sliding window that advances by a fixed period of time, producing overlapping windows. This is suitable for the scenario where the system needs to aggregate data for the last 30 seconds, every 2 seconds, and provide real-time updates. A Dataflow pipeline can implement the hopping window logic using Apache Beam, and process both streaming and batch data sources. Memorystore is a low-latency, in-memory data store that can serve the aggregated data to the visualization layer. BigQuery is not a good choice for this scenario, as it is not optimized for low-latency queries and frequent updates.

To ensure that resources are limited to only the europe-west3 region, you should set the organization policy constraint constraints/gcp.resourceLocations to in:europe-west3-locations. This policy restricts the deployment of resources to the specified locations, which in this case is the europe-west3 region. By setting this policy, you enforce location compliance across your Google Cloud resources, aligning with the best practices for data governance and regulatory compliance.

 Materialized views are precomputed views that periodically cache the results of a query for increased performance and efficiency. BigQuery leverages precomputed results from materialized views and whenever possible reads only changes from the base tables to compute up-to-date results. Materialized views can significantly improve the performance of workloads that have the characteristic of common and repeated queries. Materialized views can also optimize queries with high computation cost and small dataset results, such as filtering and aggregating large tables. Materialized views are refreshed automatically when the base tables change, so they always return fresh data. Materialized views can also be used by the BigQuery optimizer to process queries to the base tables, if any part of the query can be resolved by querying the materialized view. References:

Introduction to materialized views

Create materialized views

BigQuery Materialized View Simplified: Steps to Createand 3 Best Practices

Materialized view in Bigquery

To deploy a batch pipeline in Dataflow that adheres to the organizational constraint of using only internal IP addresses, ensuring Private Google Access is the most effective solution. Here’s why option D is the best choice:

Private Google Access:

Private Google Accessallows resources in a VPC network that do not have external IP addresses to access Google APIs and services through internal IP addresses.

This ensures compliance with the organizational constraint of using only internal IPs while allowing Dataflow to access Cloud Storage and BigQuery.

Dataflow with Internal IPs:

Dataflow can be configured to use only internal IP addresses for its worker nodes, ensuring that no external IP addresses are assigned.

This configuration ensures secure and compliant communication between Dataflow, Cloud Storage, and BigQuery.

Firewall and Network Configuration:

Enabling Private Google Access requires ensuring the correct firewall rules and network configurations to allow internal traffic to Google Cloud services.

Steps to Implement:

Enable Private Google Access:

Enable Private Google Access on the subnetwork used by the Dataflow pipeline

gcloud compute networks subnets update [SUBNET_NAME] \

--region [REGION] \

--enable-private-ip-google-access

Configure Dataflow:

Configure the Dataflow job to use only internal IP addresses

gcloud dataflow jobs run [JOB_NAME] \

--region [REGION] \

--network [VPC_NETWORK] \

--subnetwork [SUBNETWORK] \

--no-use-public-ips

Verify Access:

Ensure that firewall rules allow the necessary traffic from the Dataflow workers to Cloud Storage and BigQuery using internal IPs.

Reference Links:

Private Google Access Documentation

Configuring Dataflow to Use Internal IPs

VPC Firewall Rules

Private Google Access allows VMs without external IP addresses to communicate with Google APIs and services over internal routes. This reduces the cost and increases the security of the data pipeline. Customcontainer images can be stored in Container Registry, which supports Private Google Access. Dataflow supports Private Google Access for both batch and streaming jobs. References:

Private Google Access overview

Using Private Google Access and Cloud NAT

Using custom containers with Dataflow

Identity and Access Management (IAM) is the recommended way to control access to Pub/Sub resources, such as topics and subscriptions. IAM allows you to grant roles and permissions to users and service accounts at the project level or the individual resource level. You can also use IAM conditions to specify additional attributes for granting or denying access, such as time, date, or origin. By using IAM conditions, you can ensure that only the resources in project A can access the data in the project A topic, regardless of the network configuration or the VPC Service Controls. You can also prevent project B and any future project from accessing the data in the project A topic by not granting them any roles or permissions on the topic.

Option A is not a good solution, as VPC Service Controls are designed to prevent data exfiltration from Google Cloud resources to the public internet, not to control access between Google Cloud projects. VPC Service Controls create a perimeter around the resources of one or more projects, and restrict the communication with resources outside the perimeter. However, VPC Service Controls do not apply to Pub/Sub, as Pub/Sub is not associated with any specific IP address or VPC network. Therefore, configuring VPC Service Controls with a perimeter around the VPC of project A would not prevent project B or any future project from accessing the data in the project A topic, if they have the necessary IAM roles and permissions.

Option B is not a good solution, as firewall rules are used to control the ingress and egress traffic to and from the VPC network of a project. Firewall rules do not apply to Pub/Sub, as Pub/Sub is not associated with any specific IP address or VPC network. Therefore, adding firewall rules in project A to only permit traffic from the VPC in project A would not prevent project B or any future project from accessing the data in the project A topic, if they have the necessary IAM roles and permissions.

Option C is not a good solution, as VPC Service Controls are designed to prevent data exfiltration from Google Cloud resources to the public internet, not to control access between Google Cloud projects. VPC Service Controls create a perimeter around the resources of one or more projects, and restrict the communication with resources outside the perimeter. However, VPC Service Controls do not apply to Pub/Sub, as Pub/Sub is not associated with any specific IP address or VPC network. Therefore, configuring VPC Service Controls with a perimeter around project A would not prevent project B or any future project from accessing the data in the project A topic, if they have the necessary IAM roles and permissions. References: Access control with IAM |Cloud Pub/Sub Documentation | Google Cloud, [Using IAM Conditions | Cloud IAMDocumentation | Google Cloud], [VPC Service Controls overview | Google Cloud], [Using VPC Service Controls | Google Cloud], [Pub/Sub tier capabilities | Memorystore for Redis | Google Cloud].

To enable different teams to manage their own data while allowing data exchange across the organization, using Analytics Hub is the best approach. Here’s why option C is the best choice:

Analytics Hub:

Analytics Huballows teams to publish their data as data exchanges, making it easy for other teams to discover and subscribe to the data they need.

This approach maintains each team's control over their data while facilitating easy and secure data sharing across the organization.

Data Publishing and Subscribing:

Teams can publish datasets they control, allowing them to manage access and updates independently.

Other teams can subscribe to these published datasets, ensuring they have access to the latest data without duplicating efforts.

Minimized Operational Tasks and Costs:

This method reduces the need for complex replication or data synchronization processes, minimizing operational overhead.

By centralizing data sharing through Analytics Hub, it also reduces storage costs associated with duplicating large datasets.

Steps to Implement:

Set Up Analytics Hub:

Enable Analytics Hub in your Google Cloud project.

Provide training to teams on how to publish and subscribe to data exchanges.

Publish Data:

Each team publishes their datasets in Analytics Hub, configuring access controls and metadata as needed.

Subscribe to Data:

Teams that need access to data from other teams can subscribe to the relevant data exchanges, ensuring they always have up-to-date data.

Reference Links:

Analytics Hub Documentation

Publishing Data in Analytics Hub

Subscribing to Data in Analytics Hub

The key requirements for sharing the sales dataset are:

Self-serving for other business units.

Low-maintenance.

Cost-effective.

Sharing with other business units (implying potentially different projects).

Analytics Hub (Option C) is designed precisely for this purpose of sharing data assets (like datasets) in a governed, discoverable, and self-service manner across an organization and even externally.

Self-Serving: Consumers (other business units) can browse available datasets in an exchange and subscribe to them. This makes it easy for them to discover and access the data they need without manual intervention from the data provider for each request.

Low-Maintenance for Provider: Once a dataset is published as a "listing" in Analytics Hub, the provider doesn't need to manage individual access requests or data copying for each new consumer project that subscribes. Updates to the source dataset are reflected for subscribers.

Cost-Effective:No Data Duplication for Sharing: When a dataset is shared via Analytics Hub, subscribers query the data directly from the provider's project (unless the provider explicitly opts for a replicated dataset model, which is less common for internal sharing where live access is preferred). This avoids storage costs associated with duplicating large datasets in multiple projects.

Query Costs: Query costs are typically borne by the subscriber's project.

Governed Sharing: Analytics Hub provides a centralized way to manage and audit data sharing.

Let's analyze why other options are less suitable:

A (Enable access to authorized views): Authorized views are a good way to share specific slices or aggregations of data without exposing the underlying tables. However, managing authorizations for potentially many views across many business units/projects can become less "self-serving" and more "low-maintenance" than a dedicated data exchange platform. Discoverability is also less centralized.

B (BigQuery Data Transfer Service to copy): This creates data copies, which increases storage costs and can lead to data staleness if the copy schedule isn't frequent enough. It's not "low-maintenance" as it requires managing DTS jobs and storage for copies. It's generally not the most cost-effective way to share for querying.

D (Create and share views with users): Similar to authorized views, but sharing directly with individual users can be a permissions management challenge at scale compared to project-level or group-level subscriptions facilitated by Analytics Hub. It lacks the "exchange" concept for discovery and self-service subscription by business units/projects.

The key requirements are:

On-premises PostgreSQL database.

Run transactional workloads AND support analytics needs with a single database.

Move to Google Cloud without changing database management systems (i.e., remain PostgreSQL-compatible).

Minimize cost and complexity.

AlloyDB for PostgreSQL (Option A) is the best fit for these requirements.

PostgreSQL-Compatible: AlloyDB is fully PostgreSQL-compatible, meaning minimal to no application changes are required ("without changing database management systems").

Transactional and Analytical Workloads: AlloyDB is designed to handle demanding transactional workloads while also providing significantly faster analytical query performance compared to standard PostgreSQL. It achieves this through its intelligent, database-optimized storage layer and columnar engine integration. This addresses the "single database" for both needs.

Cost and Complexity: As a managed service, it reduces operational complexity. Its performance benefits for both OLTP and OLAP can lead to better cost-efficiency by handling mixed workloads effectively on a single system.

Let's analyze why other options are less suitable:

B (Migrate to BigQuery): BigQuery is an analytical data warehouse, not designed for transactional workloads. This violates the "single database" for both types of workloads and "without changing database management systems" (as BigQuery is not PostgreSQL).

C (Migrate to Cloud Spanner): Cloud Spanner is a globally distributed, horizontally scalable relational database. While excellent for high-availability transactional workloads, it has its own SQL dialect (ANSI 2011 with extensions, not fully PostgreSQL wire-compatible without tools like PGAdapter, which adds complexity) and a different architecture. This would involve more significant changes than moving to a PostgreSQL-compatible system. The requirement was "without changing database management systems."

D (Migrate to Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL): Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL is a fully managed PostgreSQL service. It's excellent for transactional workloads and simpler analytical queries. However, for more demanding analytical needs on the same database instance, AlloyDB is specifically optimized to provide superior performance due to its architectural enhancements (like the columnar engine). If the analytical needs are significant, AlloyDB offers a better converged experience. While Cloud SQL is PostgreSQL-compatible, AlloyDB is positioned for superior performance on mixed workloads.

To architect a data transformation solution for BigQuery that aligns with the ELT development technique and provides an intuitive coding environment for SQL-proficient developers, Dataform is an optimal choice. Here’s why:

ELT Development Technique:

ELT (Extract, Load, Transform) is a process where data is first extracted and loaded into a data warehouse, and then transformed using SQL queries. This is different from ETL, where data is transformed before being loaded into the data warehouse.

BigQuery supports ELT, allowing developers to write SQL transformations directly in the data warehouse.

Dataform:

Dataformis a development environment designed specifically for data transformations in BigQuery and other SQL-based warehouses.

It provides tools for managing SQL as code, including version control and collaborative development.

Dataform integrates well with existing development workflows and supports scheduling and managing SQL-based data pipelines.

Intuitive Coding Environment:

Dataform offers an intuitive and user-friendly interface for writing and managing SQL queries.

It includes features like SQLX, a SQL dialect that extends standard SQL with features for modularity and reusability, which simplifies the development of complex transformation logic.

Managing SQL as Code:

Dataform supports version control systems like Git, enabling developers to manage their SQL transformations as code.

This allows for better collaboration, code reviews, and version tracking.

Reference Links:

Dataform Documentation

BigQuery Documentation

Managing ELT Pipelines with Dataform

To troubleshoot query performance issues related to job queuing or slot contention in BigQuery, using administrative resource charts along with querying the INFORMATION_SCHEMA is the best approach. Here’s why option D is the best choice:

Administrative Resource Charts:

BigQuery provides detailed resource charts that show slot usage and job performance over time. These charts help identify patterns of slot contention and peak usage times.

INFORMATION_SCHEMA Queries:

The INFORMATION_SCHEMA tables in BigQuery provide detailed metadata about query jobs, including execution times, slots consumed, and other performance metrics.

Running queries on INFORMATION_SCHEMA allows you to pinpoint specific jobs causing contention and analyze their performance characteristics.

Comprehensive Analysis:

Combining administrative resource charts with detailed queries on INFORMATION_SCHEMA provides a holistic view of the system’s performance.

This approach enables you to identify and address the root causes of performance issues, whether they are due to slot contention, inefficient queries, or other factors.

Steps to Implement:

Access Administrative Resource Charts:

Use the Google Cloud Console to view BigQuery’s administrative resource charts. These charts provide insights into slot utilization and job performance metrics over time.

Run INFORMATION_SCHEMA Queries:

Execute queries on BigQuery’s INFORMATION_SCHEMA to gather detailed information about job performance. For example:

SELECT

creation_time,

job_id,

user_email,

query,

total_slot_ms / 1000 AS slot_seconds,

total_bytes_processed / (1024 * 1024 * 1024) AS processed_gb,

total_bytes_billed / (1024 * 1024 * 1024) AS billed_gb

FROM

`region-us`.INFORMATION_SCHEMA.JOBS_BY_PROJECT

WHERE

creation_time > TIMESTAMP_SUB(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(), INTERVAL 1 DAY)

AND state = 'DONE'

ORDER BY

slot_seconds DESC

LIMIT 100;

Analyze and Optimize:

Use the information gathered to identify bottlenecks, optimize queries, and adjust resource allocations as needed to improve performance.

Reference Links:

Monitoring BigQuery Slots

BigQuery INFORMATION_SCHEMA

BigQuery Performance Best Practices

Categorical features in linear models are typically translated into a sparse vector in which each possible value has a corresponding index or id. For example, if there are only three possible eye colors you can represent 'eye_color' as a length 3 vector: 'brown' would become [1, 0, 0], 'blue' would become [0, 1, 0] and 'green' would become [0, 0, 1]. These vectors are called "sparse" because they may be very long, with many zeros, when the set of possible values is very large (such as all English words).

[0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1] is not a sparse vector because it has two 1s in it. A sparse vector contains only a single 1.

[0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0] is not a sparse vector because it has a 5 in it. Sparse vectors only contain 0s and 1s.

A Cloud Dataproc Viewer is limited in its actions based on its role. A viewer can only list clusters, get cluster details, list jobs, get job details, list operations, and get operation details.

You do not set a query language for each dataset. It is set each time you run a query and the default query language is Legacy SQL.

Standard SQL has been the preferred query language since BigQuery 2.0 was released.

In legacy SQL, to query a table with a project-qualified name, you use a colon, :, as a separator. In standard SQL, you use a period, ., instead.

Due to the differences in syntax between the two query languages (such as with project-qualified table names), if you write a query in Legacy SQL, it might generate an error if you try to run it with Standard SQL.

If you know the set of all possible feature values of a column and there are only a few of them, you can use categorical_column_with_vocabulary_list. Each key in the list will get assigned an auto-incremental ID starting from 0.

What if we don't know the set of possible values in advance? Not a problem. We can use categorical_column_with_hash_bucket instead. What will happen is that each possible value in the feature column occupation will be hashed to an integer ID as we encounter them in training.

You cannot change an existing table into a partitioned table. You must create a partitioned table from scratch. Then you can either stream data into it every day and the data will automatically be put in the right partition, or you can load data into a specific partition by using "$YYYYMMDD" at the end of the table name.

The flaw with evaluating a predictive model on training data is that it does not inform you on how well the model has generalized to new unseen data. A model that is selected for its accuracy on the training dataset rather than its accuracy on an unseen test dataset is very likely to have lower accuracy on an unseen test dataset. The reason is that the model is not as generalized. It has specialized to the structure in the training dataset. This is called overfitting.

At a minimum, you must specify four values when creating a new cluster with the projects.regions.clusters.create operation:

The project in which the cluster will be created

The region to use

The name of the cluster

The zone in which the cluster will be created

You can specify many more details beyond these minimum requirements. For example, you can

also specify the number of workers, whether preemptible compute should be used, and the network settings.

If you split a table into multiple tables (such as one table for each day), then you can limit your query to the data in specific tables (such as for particular days). A better method is to use a partitioned table, as long as your data can be separated by the day.

If you use the LIMIT clause, BigQuery will still process the entire table.

When you apply a BigQueryIO.Write transform in batch mode to write to a single table, Dataflow invokes a BigQuery load job. When you apply a BigQueryIO.Write transform in streaming mode or in batch mode using a function to specify the destination table, Dataflow uses BigQuery's streaming inserts

using a timestamp as the first element of a row key can cause a variety of problems.

In brief, when a row key for a time series includes a timestamp, all of your writes will target a single node; fill that node; and then move onto the next node in the cluster, resulting in hotspotting.

Suppose your system assigns a numeric ID to each of your application's users. You might be tempted to use the user's numeric ID as the row key for your table. However, since new users are more likely to be active users, this approach is likely to push most of your traffic to a small number of nodes.

Using the Drain option to stop your job tells the Dataflow service to finish your job in its current state. Your job will immediately stop ingesting new data from input sources, but the Dataflow

service will preserve any existing resources (such as worker instances) to finish processing and writing any buffered data in your pipeline.

When reading from a Dataflow source or writing to a Dataflow sink using DirectPipelineRunner, the Cloud Platform account that you configured with the gcloud executable will need access to the corresponding source/sink

Online prediction

Optimized to minimize the latency of serving predictions.

Predictions returned in the response message.

Batch prediction

Optimized to handle a high volume of instances in a job and to run more complex models.

Predictions written to output files in a Cloud Storage location that you specify.

The HBase shell is a command-line tool that performs administrative tasks, such as creating and deleting tables. The Cloud Bigtable HBase client for Java makes it possible to use the HBase shell to connect to Cloud Bigtable.

A Cloud Bigtable table is sharded into blocks of contiguous rows, called tablets, to help balance the workload of queries. Tablets are stored on Colossus, Google's file system, in SSTable format. Each tablet is associated with a specific Cloud Bigtable node.

Data is never stored in Cloud Bigtable nodes themselves; each node has pointers to a set of tablets that are stored on Colossus. As a result:

Rebalancing tablets from one node to another is very fast, because the actual data is not copied. Cloud Bigtable simply updates the pointers for each node.

Recovery from the failure of a Cloud Bigtable node is very fast, because only metadata needs to be migrated to the replacement node.

When a Cloud Bigtable node fails, no data is lost

Cloud Bigtable is a sparsely populated table that can scale to billions of rows and thousands of columns, allowing you to store terabytes or even petabytes of data. A single value in each row is indexed; this value is known as the row key.

Dataflow is a unified processing model, and can execute both streaming and batch data pipelines

The Cloud Bigtable cluster doesn't have enough nodes. If your Cloud Bigtable cluster is overloaded, adding more nodes can improve performance. Use the monitoring tools to check whether the cluster is overloaded.

If model parameters are variables that get adjusted by training with existing data, your hyperparameters are the variables about the training process itself. For example, part of setting up a deep neural network is deciding how many "hidden" layers of nodes to use between the input layer and the output layer, as well as how many nodes each layer should use. These variables are not directly related to the training data at all. They are configuration variables. Another difference is that parameters change during a training job, while the hyperparameters are usually constant during a job.

Weights and biases are variables that get adjusted during the training process, so they are not hyperparameters.

One of the advantages of Cloud Dataproc is its low cost. Dataproc charges for what you really use with minute-by-minute billing and a low, ten-minute-minimum billing period.