AB-Abdomen Exam Dumps : Abdomen Sonography Examination

Urinomas are collections of urine in the retroperitoneum that result from trauma, surgery, or obstruction causing urine leakage. Trauma is a frequent cause of urinoma formation due to disruption of the urinary tract.

According to Rumack’s Diagnostic Ultrasound:

“Urinomas may develop as a complication of trauma, surgery, or obstructive uropathy with urinary extravasation into the retroperitoneum.”

Addison disease (primary adrenal insufficiency) results in insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone. The hallmark laboratory findings include:

Hyponatremia (low sodium)

Hyperkalemia (high potassium)

Elevated liver enzymes (due to nonspecific hepatic involvement)

Fatigue, weight loss, and hypotension are common clinical features.

Conn syndrome (B) causes hyperaldosteronism, leading to hypokalemia (not hyperkalemia).

Acute pancreatitis (C) would typically show elevated amylase/lipase.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (D) may present with elevated liver enzymes but not the electrolyte pattern described.

Reference Extracts:

Nieman LK. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):1957-1966.

Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, Levine D. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2017.

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Courvoisier sign describes the clinical finding of painless jaundice combined with a palpable, distended gallbladder. This typically results from obstruction at the distal common bile duct, often due to pancreatic head carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma, leading to bile accumulation and gallbladder distention. In contrast, Mirizzi syndrome involves compression of the common hepatic duct by an impacted stone in the cystic duct.

According to Rumack's Diagnostic Ultrasound and standard clinical references:

“Courvoisier sign refers to a palpable, enlarged gallbladder due to obstruction of the distal bile duct, often from malignancy.”