Free and Premium WGU Data-Driven-Decision-Making Dumps Questions Answers

The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a dataset. In data-driven decision making, it is particularly useful for analyzing categorical or discrete survey data.

The median represents the middle value, the mean is the average, and outliers are extreme values. Because the question asks for the most frequently occurring response, the correct answer is A, mode.

Key performance indicators (KPIs) are designed to measure progress toward strategic objectives. In data-driven decision making, effective KPIs are stable, meaningful, and aligned with organizational goals rather than frequently changing.

One important quality of KPIs is that they can be used for internal benchmarking, allowing organizations to compare performance across departments, time periods, or projects. This helps identify best practices and performance gaps.

Another defining characteristic is that KPIs often follow SMART criteria—Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. These criteria ensure KPIs are clearly defined and actionable.

KPIs are not meant to be easily changed, as frequent changes undermine consistency and comparability. They also require ongoing monitoring and maintenance to remain relevant and accurate.

Therefore, the correct answers are B and D.

The plan-do-check-act cycle is a continuous improvement framework used in quality management and process improvement. In this scenario, the comparison of email open rates represents the check stage. After identifying a possible cause of the problem, the analyst uses a statistical technique to evaluate results and determine whether the changes in subject lines are associated with lower open rates. The check step is where performance is measured, reviewed, and compared against expectations or prior outcomes. The plan stage would involve deciding what change or test to make. The do stage would involve implementing the campaign or the revised subject line. The act stage would involve standardizing the successful change or making further adjustments based on the findings. Because the analyst is examining and comparing the results of the campaigns, this clearly aligns with the check phase. Therefore, the correct answer is check.

A z score is used to standardize values from different data sets so they can be compared on the same scale. It expresses how far a value lies from the mean in terms of standard deviations. This makes it especially useful when a manager needs to compare simulated projections that may have different averages and different spreads. By converting the results into z scores, the manager can evaluate relative performance and risk across otherwise non-comparable distributions. Median and mode describe central tendency, but they do not place values on a common standardized scale. Variance measures dispersion, but it does not directly convert or normalize observations for comparison. In risk analysis and simulation-based decision-making, standardization is often necessary when results come from multiple scenarios, models, or assumptions. Z scores provide that standard frame of reference and allow meaningful interpretation of whether a projected loss is unusually high, low, or typical within its own distribution. Therefore, the correct answer is z score because it transforms different data sets to a common comparison scale.

To create a cost-effective recycling program, the county should benchmark similar strategies used by other counties. Benchmarking is a practical data-driven approach that allows decision-makers to compare program designs, costs, participation rates, collection methods, and outcomes across jurisdictions facing similar conditions. By examining how other counties structure successful recycling initiatives, the county can identify efficient practices, realistic cost expectations, and implementation strategies that have already been tested in comparable environments. This approach is especially useful when developing a new program because it reduces trial-and-error and supports evidence-based planning. The other options are less directly related to designing and evaluating a recycling program. Analyzing county contracts or aligning funds with staffing levels may be useful in general budgeting, but they do not specifically address recycling strategy effectiveness. Audit performance research is also not closely tied to recycling program design. Therefore, the most appropriate data analytic approach is benchmarking similar strategies of other counties.

This scenario represents **selection bias**, which occurs when a sample is not representative of the population being studied. In data-driven decision making, valid conclusions depend on collecting data from a sample that accurately reflects the broader population.

By surveying only respondents with a bachelor’s degree, the researcher systematically excludes other segments of the population who may have different opinions about the bond issue. Educational attainment may influence voting behavior, making the sample biased toward a particular viewpoint. As a result, the findings cannot be generalized to the entire voting population.

While the wording of the question may be persuasive, the primary statistical error is the **non-random and restricted selection of respondents**. Response bias relates to how participants answer questions, whereas this issue arises before responses are even collected. Faulty operationalization and confusion of causality are not applicable here.

Data-driven decision making stresses ethical sampling practices to avoid misleading conclusions. Therefore, the correct answer is **D**, selection bias.

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A cause-and-effect diagram, also known as an Ishikawa diagram or fishbone diagram, is used to brainstorm and organize possible root causes of a problem. It helps teams think systematically about why a problem may be occurring by grouping causes into logical categories such as methods, materials, people, equipment, and environment. In the scenario given, an intermittency problem suggests an issue that happens irregularly and may be difficult to isolate, which makes a cause-and-effect diagram especially useful. Its purpose is not to assign blame but to support structured problem-solving and root cause analysis. It is also not a financial risk tool or an automated software diagram generator. In quality management and data-driven improvement, this diagram encourages teams to explore multiple contributing factors before deciding on corrective action. Therefore, the correct answer is that it is used to brainstorm possible root causes for an intermittency problem.

The spa wants to know which package duration is the most popular, meaning which session length occurs most frequently in the data. The statistical measure used to identify the most frequently occurring category or value is the mode. Because the massage durations are offered in discrete categories of 30, 50, and 75 minutes, the mode is the best measure for determining customer preference. It directly identifies the package selected most often. Standard deviation measures variability, not popularity. Mean and median are measures of central tendency, but they do not answer the question of which option is chosen most frequently. Although the wording mentions being less affected by outliers and skewed data, the strongest reason to choose the mode is that popularity is fundamentally a frequency question. The mode is especially useful for categorical or discrete-choice data where the goal is to identify the most common option rather than the center of a numerical distribution. Therefore, the correct answer is mode because it shows which massage duration customers prefer most often.

A flowchart is the graphical tool used to depict the sequential steps that compose a process. In data-driven decision making and quality management, flowcharts visually represent how inputs move through a series of activities to produce outputs. This makes them essential for understanding, documenting, and improving processes.

Flowcharts use standardized symbols to show actions, decisions, inputs, and outputs. By mapping each step, organizations can identify inefficiencies, bottlenecks, redundancies, and opportunities for improvement. They are commonly used during process analysis, root-cause analysis, and continuous improvement initiatives.

Histograms display the distribution of numerical data, control charts monitor process variation over time, and scatterplots examine relationships between variables. None of these tools are designed to show step-by-step workflows.

Therefore, the correct answer is C, flowchart.

Big data includes both structured and unstructured data. Structured data are organized in predefined formats such as rows and columns in databases, spreadsheets, or transaction systems. Unstructured data include forms such as emails, videos, social media content, images, audio files, sensor outputs, and free-text documents that do not fit neatly into traditional tabular formats. One of the defining features of big data is not just its size, but also its variety. This variety means organizations must work with multiple data types and sources to generate useful insights. The other options do not define what big data includes. Spreadsheets may handle small portions of data, but they do not define the concept itself. Powerful extraction tools may be used in big data environments, but they are tools rather than components of the data. Inferential statistics are analytical methods, not the data itself. Therefore, the best answer is that big data includes both structured and unstructured data.

In an experimental study, treatments are defined as the specific procedures or conditions applied to each subject or experimental unit. This is a fundamental concept in experimental design within data-driven decision making and inferential statistics.

Experimental units are the subjects or entities being studied, such as individuals, machines, or products. Responses are the measured outcomes observed after the treatment is applied. Inputs are factors or variables that may influence the experiment but are not the procedures themselves. Treatments, however, represent the deliberate interventions introduced by the researcher to study their effect on the response variable.

For example, in a pricing experiment, different price levels applied to customers would be considered treatments. In a manufacturing experiment, different machine settings would serve as treatments. By systematically varying treatments, analysts can determine causal relationships between variables.

Data-driven decision making relies on well-designed experiments to support valid conclusions. Clearly defining treatments ensures that the effects of specific actions can be isolated, measured, and analyzed accurately. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as treatments describe the procedures applied to each subject.

An appropriate management use of statistics is **understanding the demographics of customers**, which supports informed, proactive decision-making. Data-driven decision making emphasizes using statistical analysis to explore patterns, characteristics, and trends that help organizations better understand their customers and markets.

Analyzing customer demographics such as age, income, location, and preferences allows managers to segment markets, tailor products, improve services, and allocate resources effectively. This use of statistics is descriptive and diagnostic in nature and directly supports strategic planning.

Ordering products for an entire region based on data from a single store is inappropriate due to lack of representativeness. Justifying decisions after implementation reflects misuse of statistics, as analytics should inform decisions beforehand, not rationalize them after the fact. Implementing changes solely based on survey response rate ignores the content and validity of responses.

Ethical data-driven decision making requires that statistics be used responsibly, transparently, and with appropriate context. Therefore, the correct answer is **A**, as understanding customer demographics represents a proper and effective use of statistics by management.

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This scenario requires the use of **conditional probability**, which applies when the likelihood of one event depends on the occurrence of another event. In data-driven decision making, conditional probability is used to model dependent events within processes, workflows, and project timelines.

In this case, the enterprise analytics team’s ability to move into production is **dependent on** the infrastructure team completing the migration. Because one event cannot occur unless another event has already occurred, the probability of completing the project on time must account for this dependency.

The multiplication principle applies to independent events, Bayes’ theorem updates probabilities based on new information, and combinations are used for counting outcomes, not dependency analysis. Conditional probability explicitly captures the relationship between dependent tasks.

Project risk analysis and scheduling often rely on conditional probability to assess completion likelihood when tasks are sequentially linked. Therefore, the correct answer is **C**, conditional probability.

A strong customer focus leads to increased revenue and market share, which is a key principle in data-driven decision making and quality management. Organizations that prioritize customer needs are better positioned to deliver value, improve satisfaction, and build long-term relationships.

By understanding customer preferences, behavior, and feedback through analytics, organizations can tailor products and services more effectively. This alignment increases customer loyalty, repeat business, and positive word-of-mouth, all of which contribute to revenue growth and competitive advantage.

While focusing on customers may also improve efficiency, reduce bias, or lower costs, these outcomes are secondary benefits rather than the primary result. The most direct and measurable impact of customer focus is improved financial performance.

Therefore, the correct answer is C, as customer-focused organizations tend to experience higher revenue and expanded market share.

Outliers are observations that differ substantially from the rest of the data, but they are not automatically errors and should not be removed without investigation. One correct statement is that miskeyed outliers can be corrected before analysis. For example, if a value of 500 is entered instead of 50, this is a data-entry error, not a meaningful observation, and it should be fixed using source verification. Another correct statement is that outliers can help determine whether something does not belong in the study. They may reveal invalid records, unusual conditions, a different population, process breakdowns, or rare but important events. The incorrect choices are too absolute. Not all outliers are statistically significant, even under a normal distribution, because significance depends on context, sample size, and method. Likewise, not all observed outliers should be eliminated. Some outliers contain valuable information and can indicate real variation that deserves attention. In quality control, fraud detection, medical screening, and operational monitoring, outliers may be among the most important data points. Therefore, the correct answers are the ones that recognize both correction of miskeyed values and the analytical value of identifying unusual observations.

Prevalence measures all existing cases of a disease within a population at a given point in time or over a specified period. It includes both newly diagnosed cases and pre-existing cases that are still present. This makes prevalence a measure of the total disease burden in the population rather than a measure of the rate at which new cases arise. In public health and epidemiology, prevalence is especially useful for understanding how widespread a condition is and for planning healthcare services, allocating resources, and evaluating community health needs. It differs from incidence, which focuses only on new cases occurring during a specified time period. Because the question asks what prevalence measures, the correct answer is the one that captures all current cases, not just past or new ones. It also does not refer to potential future cases, since prevalence is based on observed disease status. Therefore, the best answer is all existing cases of a disease.

A run chart and a control chart are similar in that both display data over time, making it possible to observe trends, shifts, or recurring patterns in a process. The key difference is that a control chart includes control limits, or constraints, that define the expected range of normal variation for the process. These limits help analysts determine whether the process is statistically stable or whether unusual variation may signal a problem that requires attention. A run chart does not include those control boundaries; it simply displays the values in time order. Because of this, the correct description is that the two charts are essentially the same in structure, except a control chart includes limits or constraints that a process should not exceed. The options that describe one as a snapshot in time are incorrect because both are time-based charts. Therefore, the correct answer is the option identifying the control chart as the version that adds limits or thresholds for process monitoring.

The regression equation shows how each advertising variable is related to the big box store’s sales while holding the other variable constant. The coefficient for x1, the big box store’s advertising, is positive 92.30. This means that when the big box store increases its own advertising expenditure, predicted sales increase. The coefficient for x2, the specialty store’s advertising, is negative 26.89. This means that as the specialty store spends more on advertising, the big box store’s predicted sales decrease. Therefore, the relationship described in option A is correct. Options C and D incorrectly reverse the meaning of the positive coefficient on the big box store’s own advertising. Option B is directionally true in a general sense, but the clearest direct interpretation from the equation is the negative effect of the specialty store’s advertising on big box store sales, which is exactly stated in option A. Multiple regression allows analysts to isolate these effects and interpret how changes in each predictor influence the dependent variable. Thus, the correct answer is that if the specialty store increases its advertising expenditures, it will decrease the big box store’s sales.

Sample size is critical for ensuring **statistical significance** because it determines whether results can be confidently generalized to a larger population. In data-driven decision making, larger and appropriately selected samples reduce sampling error and increase the reliability of statistical estimates.

When sample sizes are too small, observed effects may be due to random variation rather than true underlying patterns. Larger samples provide more precise estimates of population parameters and increase the power of hypothesis tests, making it easier to detect meaningful differences or relationships.

While increasing sample size does not eliminate researcher bias, prevent hypothesis misinterpretation, or remove the need for further analysis, it strengthens the validity of conclusions. Statistical significance depends on sample size, effect size, and variability, all of which influence confidence in results.

Therefore, the correct answer is **A**, as adequate sample sizes allow accurate conclusions to be confidently applied to larger populations.

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A blind study is specifically designed to eliminate bias that occurs when participants are aware of treatment assignments. In data-driven decision making and experimental research, patient awareness of receiving a placebo or treatment can influence reported symptoms, perceived effectiveness, and behavior, thereby biasing results.

In a blind study, participants do not know whether they are receiving the treatment or the placebo. This prevents expectations or beliefs from influencing outcomes and ensures that observed effects are attributable to the treatment itself rather than psychological or behavioral factors.

Observational studies and prospective cohort studies do not involve controlled assignment of treatments and therefore cannot eliminate this type of bias. Time series studies analyze data over time but do not address participant awareness of treatment allocation.

By preventing patients from knowing their treatment group, blind studies improve internal validity and support more accurate causal inference. Therefore, the correct answer is D, blind study.

Using both mean and median helps identify outliers, such as very high executive salaries that skew the average. A large difference between the two indicates uneven distribution.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

When predicting a continuous outcome based on a single predictor, data-driven decision making recommends simple linear regression. In this case, sales figures are continuous, and advertising spend is a single explanatory variable.

Linear regression models the relationship between one independent variable and one dependent variable by estimating a straight-line relationship. Time series regression is used when data are indexed over time, logistic regression is used for binary outcomes, and multiple linear regression requires multiple predictors.

Because the company is using only advertising spend to predict sales, linear regression is the most appropriate method. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

The two graph types specifically designed to illustrate and analyze measurements or trends over time are the control chart and the run chart. A run chart displays data points in chronological order, making it useful for identifying trends, shifts, cycles, or patterns in a process over time. A control chart builds on this concept by adding upper and lower control limits, which help determine whether observed variation is normal or signals a possible process issue. These charts are widely used in quality improvement, operations monitoring, and time-based performance analysis. A check sheet is a structured data collection form, not a graph used to analyze trends over time. A Pareto chart shows categories ranked by frequency or impact, often to highlight the most important problems, but it does not primarily track change over time. Because the question asks for graph types that illustrate and analyze measurements or trends across time, the correct answers are control chart and run chart.

Quality assurance is the process designed to proactively prevent problems before they occur. It focuses on improving the systems, procedures, and standards used to produce outcomes so that defects, errors, or failures are less likely to happen in the first place. This preventive orientation distinguishes quality assurance from quality control, which is more concerned with identifying defects after or during production through inspection and monitoring. Common cause variation refers to the natural variability present in a stable process and is not itself a preventive process. The plan-do-check-act cycle is a structured improvement framework, but it is broader and not the specific term used to describe proactive prevention. In data-driven decision-making and quality management, assurance activities often include standardizing procedures, training employees, documenting workflows, and building reliable systems that reduce variation and improve consistency. Because the question asks which process is specifically designed to act proactively, the best answer is quality assurance. It aims to stop issues before they occur, making it a preventive rather than reactive approach.

Data gathered from a customer survey can be used to create and evaluate a process that improves organizational performance because customer feedback provides direct evidence about satisfaction, service quality, unmet needs, and areas requiring change. In data-driven decision-making, effective process improvement begins with relevant and reliable inputs, and customer survey data are especially valuable because they reflect the experiences of the people receiving the organization’s products or services. These data can reveal trends, pain points, expectations, and opportunities for redesign. Suggestions from a competitor may be informative, but they are not as direct or reliable as structured internal evidence gathered from actual stakeholders. Information from an employee handbook outlines policies rather than performance inputs, and industry regulations define compliance boundaries rather than improvement opportunities. Since the question asks which input can help create and evaluate a better-performing process, the most appropriate answer is data gathered from a customer survey.

Random errors are caused by unpredictable fluctuations that occur naturally in measurement, observation, or recording processes. These errors are not consistently in one direction and do not systematically push results higher or lower. Instead, they introduce variability that can make repeated measurements differ slightly even when conditions seem similar. Examples include minor environmental changes, momentary variations in instrument sensitivity, normal human reaction differences, or small observational inconsistencies. Because random errors are unsystematic, they tend to average out over a large number of observations, although they still reduce precision. By contrast, an instrument that needs calibration is more closely associated with systematic error, because it may consistently overstate or understate measurements. Respondents favoring certain outcomes and biased data also reflect systematic forms of bias rather than random variation. In statistics and quality measurement, distinguishing between random error and systematic error is important because each requires a different response. Random error is mainly addressed through repetition, sample size, and statistical controls, whereas systematic error must be corrected at the source. Therefore, the correct cause of random errors is unpredictable fluctuations in readings.

Six Sigma is specifically designed to reduce process variation to 3.4 defects per million opportunities, making it the correct tool for achieving this goal. In data-driven decision making, Six Sigma provides a structured methodology (DMAIC) for defining problems, measuring performance, analyzing root causes, improving processes, and controlling future outcomes.

Statistical process control supports monitoring, but Six Sigma integrates SPC with strategic improvement initiatives. Linear programming optimizes resource allocation, and just-in-time focuses on inventory efficiency rather than defect reduction.

Therefore, the correct answer is D, Six Sigma.

A laboratory measuring liquid volume with a graduated cylinder in metric units is using quantitative research because the process involves numerical measurement and objective data collection. Quantitative research is concerned with collecting measurable data that can be analyzed statistically or compared using mathematical methods. In this case, the volume of liquid is expressed in standard units such as milliliters or liters, making it a clear numerical variable. Qualitative research, by contrast, focuses on descriptions, experiences, opinions, or non-numeric observations. “Development research” and “precision research” are not the best classifications for the method described in the question. The central feature here is that the laboratory is collecting measurable, numerical data using an instrument designed for exact observation. This aligns directly with the principles of quantitative analysis, where standardization, objectivity, and repeatability are essential. Such measurement-based methods are foundational in scientific experiments, industrial testing, and evidence-based decision-making because they allow researchers to compare results consistently and apply statistical reasoning to their findings.

The fundamental difference between cost–benefit evaluation in the public and private sectors lies in how benefits are defined and measured. In data-driven decision making, private-sector projects primarily focus on revenue generation and profitability, making option C the correct distinction.

Private organizations evaluate benefits using measurable financial outcomes such as revenue, profit margins, and return on investment. These metrics provide clear, quantifiable indicators of success. In contrast, public-sector projects often aim to maximize general public welfare, including social, environmental, and economic benefits that are more difficult to quantify monetarily.

Public-sector benefits may include improved public health, safety, education, or trust in government—outcomes that do not translate directly into revenue. Therefore, while costs are measurable in both sectors, benefits differ substantially in nature.

Options A and B are incorrect because public-sector costs are not minimal and public benefits are often difficult to quantify. Option D incorrectly assigns public welfare to private projects. Thus, the correct answer is C.

ANOVA, or analysis of variance, is the appropriate statistical technique when comparing the means of three or more groups. In this case, the plant manager wants to compare production output for three assembly lines, so ANOVA is the correct method because it can test whether the differences among the group means are statistically significant. It does not directly identify the reason for those differences, nor does it by itself determine the exact production rate mechanism. It also does not simply declare which assembly line has the most output without considering statistical variation. The strength of ANOVA is that it evaluates whether observed differences are likely due to actual process differences rather than random variation. If the ANOVA result is significant, further post hoc analysis may be used to determine which specific lines differ from one another. Therefore, the correct answer is that ANOVA can determine whether there is a significant difference in output among the assembly lines.

The chi-square statistic is used to compare frequencies of categorical, mutually exclusive outcomes. In data-driven decision making, it is appropriate for analyzing differences between observed counts.

New and used car sales represent mutually exclusive categories, making chi-square the correct choice. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

In data-driven decision making, the median is the preferred measure of central tendency when data contain outliers or are skewed. Fundraising donation amounts often exhibit right-skewed distributions, where a small number of very large donations can significantly inflate the mean. Using the mean in such cases may misrepresent what a “typical” donor gives.

The median represents the middle value when donation amounts are ordered from smallest to largest. Because it depends only on position rather than magnitude, it is robust to extreme values. This makes it especially useful for summarizing typical behavior in skewed financial data.

The mean is sensitive to outliers, the z-score measures standardized distance from the mean, and the mode identifies the most frequent value but may not reflect central tendency in continuous donation data. Therefore, the statistic that best represents a typical donation amount is the median, making option C correct.

The primary problem with this survey is systematic error, which occurs when the data collection process consistently favors certain outcomes due to flawed design. In data-driven decision making, systematic error arises when a sampling method introduces bias that skews results in a predictable direction.

In this scenario, surveying only people living in California creates a location-based bias. Respondents are far more likely to prefer Amusement Park W because it is geographically closer, more familiar, and more accessible than Amusement Park X in Texas. This bias does not occur randomly; instead, it systematically influences responses toward one option, making the results unreliable for comparing overall preferences between the two parks.

Random error would involve unpredictable variation, which is not the issue here. Measurement bias relates to how questions are asked or measured, and information bias concerns inaccurate or misleading data reporting. The core issue is the non-representative sample, which violates the principle of unbiased data collection.

Data-driven decision making emphasizes that valid conclusions require representative samples. Because the survey design inherently favors one outcome, the results cannot be generalized, making systematic error the correct answer.

The bakery owner wants to determine the sales level at which profit equals zero. This is the definition of break-even analysis. Break-even analysis identifies the number of units that must be sold so that total revenue exactly equals total cost, meaning there is neither profit nor loss. It is a widely used prescriptive and managerial decision tool for pricing, budgeting, production planning, and cost control. ANOVA is used to compare means across groups, not to find a zero-profit sales level. A t-test compares means between two groups, which is also unrelated to the goal of determining the required sales quantity for no profit or loss. “Crossover” is not the standard term for this type of profitability calculation in business analytics. Break-even analysis helps managers understand fixed costs, variable costs, contribution margin, and the minimum output required to sustain operations. Therefore, the correct method for determining how many cakes must be sold so that monthly profit equals zero is break-even analysis.

A key disadvantage of using a balanced scorecard is that it requires significant time and effort to develop a meaningful and effective template. In data-driven decision making, the value of a balanced scorecard depends on careful selection of performance measures that align with organizational strategy.

Developing a balanced scorecard involves defining strategic objectives, selecting appropriate metrics, setting targets, and ensuring data availability. This process can be resource-intensive, especially in large or complex organizations. However, once implemented, the balanced scorecard offers substantial long-term benefits.

The other options are incorrect because the balanced scorecard explicitly includes both financial and nonfinancial measures and is designed to link operations with strategy. While implementation may involve some cost, expense alone is not typically cited as its primary disadvantage.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

Good data quality management plays a critical role in improving business decision-making by ensuring that data is accurate, complete, and reliable. One key benefit is that it ensures there are no missing data points, which helps maintain data completeness. Missing data can distort results, reduce analytical power, and lead to incorrect conclusions, especially in descriptive and inferential statistics.

Another important benefit is that data quality management mitigates undetected errors from the data-entry process. Errors such as duplicate entries, incorrect values, or inconsistent formats can significantly bias analysis if left unnoticed. Through validation checks, cleaning procedures, and governance standards, organizations reduce the risk of flawed insights.

While good data quality supports better analysis, it does not guarantee statistical significance, as significance depends on sample size, variability, and study design. Similarly, it does not necessarily make the statistical process faster; in fact, data cleaning can be time-consuming. However, it improves the accuracy and trustworthiness of outcomes.

In data-driven decision making, high-quality data is essential because decisions are only as good as the data used to support them. Therefore, the correct answers are A and D.