Full Access IIC C11 Tutorials

Insurers in Canada are heavily regulated in the way they invest their capital because they must remain financially strong to pay future claims. Government regulations—federal for federally regulated insurers and provincial for provincially regulated insurers—set out specific investment restrictions, including prohibiting certain high-risk or illiquid investments. These rules protect policyholders by ensuring insurers maintain solvency and liquidity.

Insurers must invest prudently in order to meet long-term obligations, and therefore regulators specify the classes of investments deemed too risky or unsuitable. This includes limits on speculative investments or holdings that could jeopardize stability.

Option A is incorrect because insurers arenotrequired to invest in non-liquid assets; in fact, liquidity is important.

Option B is incorrect; although some foreign investments may be allowed, the statement is not a broad principle of regulation.

Option C is incorrect because insurers face significant restrictions, not complete freedom.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

One of the fundamental principles of insurance rating is that thepremium charged must accurately reflect the level of riskbeing insured. This principle ensures fairness and financial stability: individuals or businesses presenting a higher probability of loss or greater potential severity must payhigher premiums, while lower-risk policyholders pay less. This is essential because insurers must collect sufficient funds to cover expected claims, expenses, and maintain solvency.

Option B describes the pooling of funds, which is part of how insurance works but does not address how premiums are determined.

Option C relates to the general purpose of insurance, not premium adequacy.

Option D loosely refers to indemnification, not rating methodology.

Therefore, the only statement that accurately reflects the idea that premiums must be commensurate with the risk isA.

Under contract law principles referenced inPrinciples and Practice of Insurance, a contract is only valid when both parties givefree, informed, and genuine consent. Fraud occurs when one party intentionally misleads another through deception, false representation, or concealment to induce consent. In this scenario, John intentionally misrepresented the nature of the accommodation—promising his private residence while intending to place Louise in a different, inferior property.

Because Louise agreed based on amaterial misrepresentation, the contract is voidable due tofraud, meaning she can invoke nullity and have the contract deemed without effect. Fraud differs from error in that the misinformation wasdeliberatelycreated by John. It is not lesion (which relates to unfair disadvantage in value) nor violence (which involves physical or psychological coercion). Therefore, the correct answer isB. Fraud.

Net income is calculated by subtractingexpensesfromrevenues:

Net Income=Revenues−Expenses\text{Net Income} = \text{Revenues} - \text{Expenses}Net Income=Revenues−Expenses

For this retailer:

$250,000−$100,000=$150,000\$250{,}000 - \$100{,}000 = \$150{,}000$250,000−$100,000=$150,000

The projection of $50,000 sustained growth next year is irrelevant because the question asks specifically forlast year’snet income. Many insurance-based financial questions test the ability to isolate actual financial performance from future projections.

Options B, C, and D incorrectly combine revenue, expense, or growth figures.

Thus, the correct net income isA: $150,000.