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Kickstart Image→ Specialized bootloader that initializes the hardware

System Image→ Contains the full NX-OS kernel and operating system

Global configuration command mode→ Provides access to the broadest range of commands that affect the device as a whole

EXEC command mode→ Allows for displaying device status and configuration information

This knowledge is covered underCisco IOS/NX-OS Software Basicsin the FLDTEC training:

Kickstart Image:Alightweight bootloader image that initializes hardware and launches the system image. It's comparable to ROMMON in traditional IOS devices.

System Image:Includes the full NX-OS operating system, services, drivers, and kernel required to run the device.

Global Configuration Mode:After entering privileged EXEC mode (enable), this mode allows changes to system-wide settings such as interfaces, routing protocols, and VLANs.

EXEC Mode:Has two levels—User EXECandPrivileged EXEC. User EXEC provides limited diagnostic commands, while Privileged EXEC allows more extensive system views (show commands, reload, etc.).

Understanding these layers is essential when maintaining or restoring NX-OS devices in field environments.

Cisco Unified Communications Manager (CUCM) is typically deployed onCisco UCS C-Series servers. These rack-mount servers provide the necessary computing resources to support CUCM's call control and session management functions in enterprise environments. The UCS C-Series servers offer scalability, reliability, and integration capabilities essential for unified communications deployments.​

Options A (Cisco ASR routers), B (Cisco Catalyst switches), and C (Cisco ISR routers) are networking devices designed for routing and switching functions and are not intended as platforms for deploying CUCM.​

Online Insertion and Removal (OIR)is a feature supported by Cisco ASR routers that allows for the insertion and removal of hardware components, such as line cards and modules, while the router is operating. Thiscapability enables maintenance and upgrades without the need to power down the system, thus minimizing network downtime.​

Key aspects of OIR include:​

Seamless Operation:OIR allows for hardware changes without interrupting the router's operation.​

Preservation of Routing Information:The router maintains all routing information and active sessions during the insertion or removal process.

Administrative Shutdown:While not mandatory, it is recommended to administratively shut down the interfaces associated with the component being removed to ensure a graceful transition.​

This feature is particularly beneficial in high-availability environments where maintaining continuous network service is critical.​

Before shutting down any Cisco collaboration device (such as an IP phone, video endpoint, or codec) for replacement, it is essential toback up the configuration. This ensures that all custom settings, including user profiles, network configurations, and service settings, are preserved and can be quickly restored on the replacement device.

This backup minimizes downtime and avoids manual reconfiguration errors during the swap process.

In an enterprise network,Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs)are the key Layer 2 technology used to logically segment a network into multiple broadcast domains. VLANs allow network administrators to assign individual switch ports to specific VLANs, enabling effective network segmentation and traffic management.

This configuration extends to access layer devices, such as switches where end-user devices connect. By isolating traffic into VLANs, administrators can improve network performance, enhance security by separating sensitive departments (such as finance and HR), and simplify network management.

Unlike routing protocols such as BGP and OSPF, which operate at Layer 3, or MPLS, which is a Layer 2.5 forwarding technology used primarily in service provider networks, VLANs are explicitly designed for Layer 2 segmentation within LAN environments.

In the context ofWide Area Networks (WANs), the key objective is to connect geographically separated networks using service provider infrastructure. The FLDTEC course emphasizes that WAN environments typically involve devices that can handle different physical transmission mediums and protocols.

Modems:

Modulate and demodulate analog signals to digital signals.

Used in WAN environments to connect over analog lines like DSL or leased lines.

Essential for interfacing between digital routers and analog telephone networks.

Optical Fiber Converters:

Also known asmedia converters, they are used to convert electrical signals to optical signals (and vice versa) for fiber transmission.

Common in WAN scenarios where long-distance high-speed transmission over fiber is required.

Incorrect Options:

A. Hubs: Obsolete Layer 1 devices used in LANs, not suitable for WANs.

D. Network Interface Cards (NICs): Used in end devices for LAN connectivity.

E. Wireless Access Points: Typically used in WLANs within local premises, not WAN infrastructure.

This aligns withCisco’s WAN architecture fundamentalsas highlighted in FLDTEC under “Cisco Equipment and Related Hardware.”

Theideal resistance rangefor ESD wrist straps isbetween 1 and 10 megaohms. This range is sufficient to safely discharge static electricity from the technician to ground, while not allowing an abrupt discharge that could damage sensitive electronic components.

Values below 1 megaohm may result in a rapid discharge, risking damage.

Valuesabove 10 megaohms may not discharge static efficiently enough.

In theFLDTEC curriculum, technicians are trained on physical tools essential for support in the field. These tools and their uses are explained as follows:

Flash Card Reader:Used with removable CompactFlash cards commonly found in older Cisco routers and switches. These cards hold the IOS image or config files.

USB Thumb Drive:Used for transferring IOS files or configs directly to and from Cisco devices that support USB storage. Convenient for portable backups.

RJ-45 Ethernet Loopback Connector:A diagnostic tool that loops the signal back into the port. Helps verify port functionality by simulating a live Ethernet connection.

RJ-45 Coupler:Allows two patch cables to be connected, effectively extending the reach of a cable — useful in setups where a single cable is not long enough.

The Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model is responsible for node-to-node data transfer and plays a crucial role in error detection and media access control. It ensures that data frames are transmitted to the correct device on a local network segment.​

This layer is divided into two sublayers:​

Logical Link Control (LLC):Manages frame synchronization, flow control, and error checking.

Media Access Control (MAC):Controls how devices on the network gain access to the medium and permission to transmit data.

Together, these sublayers ensure reliable data transmission by detecting and possibly correcting errors that may occur in the Physical Layer. They also manage how devices share the transmission medium, preventing collisions and ensuring orderly communication.​

When installing a fan module in a Cisco Nexus fixed-configuration switch, it's crucial to ensure that theairflowdirection of the new fan matches the existing airflow configuration. Mismatched airflow directions can lead to inefficient cooling or even overheating of components, potentially affecting the performance or lifespan of the switch.

Cisco offers fan modules infront-to-backorback-to-frontairflow variants, and consistency is required for proper thermal management. These modules are also typically hot-swappable, meaning powering down the switch is not necessary.

TheUCS Fabric Interconnectis the central management and communication hub of theCisco UCS (Unified Computing System)environment. It integrates compute, network, and storage access into a unified system.

Fabric Interconnects:

Manage all servers and I/O modules connected to the UCS domain

Provide connectivity and are the point of integration with the Cisco UCSManager

Offer high-availability and centralized policy management

Other options like the Nexus or MDS switches do not serve this unified management function in a UCS deployment.

In enterprise networking, remote sites or branch offices connect to the central campus network using:​

WAN Links:These are dedicated communication paths that connect geographically dispersed networks. WAN links can be leased lines, MPLS circuits, or other forms of long-distance connectivity that facilitate reliable data transmission between remote sites and the main campus.​

IPsec VPN Tunnels:Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) VPNs provide secure, encrypted tunnels over the public internet, allowing remote sites to connect to the enterprise network securely. This method is cost-effective and widely used for connecting branch offices to the central network infrastructure.​

Access layer switches (Option A) and LAN core switches (Option E) are components within a local network and do not facilitate remote connectivity. Ad hoc Wi-Fi networks (Option D) are temporary and lack the security and reliability required for enterprise-level remote connections.​

These command associations are part of Cisco IOS essentials taught in FLDTEC's "Device Configuration and Verification" topic. Here's how each command functions:

show running-config

Displays the active configuration stored in RAM.

This command is used to verify the current settings on a Cisco device.

copy running-config startup-config

Saves the current running configuration to NVRAM, ensuring the configuration persists after a reboot.

This is critical after making changes to devicesettings.

copy tftp: running-config

Loads a configuration from a TFTP server and applies it to the current running configuration.

Often used during remote device setup or restoration.

copy usbflash0:backup.cfg running-config

Restores a saved configuration file from a USB drive.

Useful in field operations where physical backup media is used during maintenance.

These tasks are routine for field technicians performing configuration backups, restorations, and diagnostics in Cisco environments.

Cisco 8000Series routers are primarily designed for service provider and web-scale networks, offering high-performance routing capabilities to handle large-scale, high-bandwidth environments typically found in service provider infrastructures and data centers.

The Cisco 8000 Series routers are part of Cisco’s high-performance routing portfolio. As documented in the official Cisco product and FLDTEC study materials:

Cisco 8000 Series routers are purpose-built for service provider and cloud-scale datacenters.

They are designed to support massive bandwidth, 5G core, and edge routing demands.

These routers provide scalable, high-performance architecture, using Cisco Silicon One ASICs, enabling terabits of throughput with advanced telemetry and network programmability.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A. Remote branches and retail typically use ISR/ASR 1000/1100 Series.

C. Home or small business networks use Cisco RV Series or Meraki MX Series.

D. LAN access/distribution layers in campuses commonly use Catalyst 9000 Series switches or ISR routers, not high-end core routers.

The 8000 Series is typically found in service provider core, data center interconnect, and hyperscale cloud deployments (e.g., Google, Meta, AWS).

In theInfrastructure as a Service (IaaS)model, the cloud provider is responsible for managing and maintaining the underlying infrastructure components, including:

Networking: The cloud provider handles all aspects of network configuration, hardware, and virtual networking.

Storage: The cloud provider supplies and manages the physical and virtual storage infrastructure required to support the consumer’s data needs.

The customer is responsible for managing:

Operating Systems

Applications

Data

This model offers flexibility while shifting infrastructure maintenance responsibilities to the service provider.

In a Cisco Nexus switch withdual power supplies, the recommended method is toconnect each power supply to a separate power source(Option C). This ensures power redundancy and fault tolerance.

If one power source fails (e.g., due to a power outage or circuit failure), the switch can continue operating uninterrupted using the second power source. Connecting both to a single source (Option D) defeats the purpose of redundancy.

TheFLDTECtraining describes theTCP/IP encapsulationas a step-by-step process where data is passed down through the layers of the TCP/IP model:

Application Layer: User data is created (email, file, request) and the application layeradds the application header, creating a data payload.

Transport Layer: The data is segmented. Each segment receives a transport-layer header (TCP/UDP), enabling proper sequencing and error handling at the destination.

Internet Layer: Segments are encapsulated intopackets(IP datagrams), with an IPheader added to facilitate routing between networks.

Link Layer: Finally, packets are framed with Layer 2 headers and trailers (including theFrame Check Sequencefor error detection), creating aframeready to be transmitted on the physical medium.

This layered encapsulation ensuresinteroperabilityandtroubleshooting clarity, which is why it is emphasized inFLDTEC’s IOS Software Basics module.

During the password recovery process on Cisco devices, ROMMON (ROM Monitor) mode is utilized to perform specific actions that facilitate the recovery. Two critical actions typically performed in ROMMON mode are:​

Change the Configuration Register:The configuration register is modified to instruct the device to ignore the startup configuration during the next boot. This is commonly achieved by setting the configuration register to0x2142. This action prevents the device from loading the saved configuration, allowing access without requiring the existing passwords.​

Reboot the Device:After changing the configuration register, the device is rebooted to apply the new settings. This reboot enables the device to bypass the startup configuration, facilitating the password recovery process.​

These steps are essential in the password recovery procedure, allowing administrators to regain access to the device without erasing the existing configuration.​

When connectingtwo devices of the same type(e.g., two routers, two switches, or two DTEs), acrossover cableis required. This cable swaps the transmit and receive pairs to allow direct communication between devices without the need for an intermediate device like a switch.

Straight-through cablesare used to connect different types of devices (e.g., PC to switch).

Rolled cablesare used for console access.

USB Type A to Bcables are typically used for peripheral device connections, not networking.

Backing up the configuration of a network device before replacement is a critical step to ensure business continuity and minimize downtime. The primary purpose of this backup is torestore the existing settings onto the new device, ensuring that it operates identically to the one being replaced.​

This process includes preserving interface configurations, routing protocols, access control lists, and other essential parameters. By restoring the backed-up configuration to the new device, network administrators can quickly reintegrate it into the network infrastructure without the need for manual reconfiguration, thereby reducing the risk of errors and service disruptions.​

Options A, B, and C do not align with the primary objective of configuration backups in the context of device replacement.​

The Cisco Collaboration Infrastructure is designed to support unified communications, video conferencing, and team collaboration through an integrated architecture involving both hardware (e.g., endpoints, media servers) and software (e.g., CUCM, Webex apps).

According to the FLDTEC course content under Cisco Collaboration Equipment and Infrastructure:

Facilitating Connections (C):

Cisco infrastructure components such as CUCM, Expressway, and Cisco Meeting Server enable real-time connections between users across voice, video, and messaging systems.

Supporting Meeting Experiences (E):

Devices such asWebex Boards, Room Kits, and Cisco Quad Cameras, in combination with platforms like Webex, provide immersive and seamless meeting experiences, supported by the infrastructure.

Incorrect Options:

A. Network bandwidth allocation: Typically managed by network QoS policies and WAN optimizations, not the collaboration infrastructure directly.

B. Hosting large-scale databases: Not a function of Cisco’s collaboration system — this falls under data center or database server roles.

D. Phone book administration: Often a function within directory services or external LDAP integration, not a core collaboration infrastructure task.

In the providedCisco UCS architecture diagram, the infrastructure consists of:

Two Fabric Interconnects (A and B), each connecting to:

Ethernet (LAN)

Fibre Channel (FC)

FCoE (Fibre Channel over Ethernet)

Both Fabric Interconnects are independently connected to bothCisco UCS Chassis 1 and 2through I/O Modules (IOMs).

This is theclassic active-active UCSdesign, providingfull path redundancyfor all traffic types:

LAN uplinksare handled separately by Fabric Interconnect B.

SAN trafficis distributed throughFC uplinksandFCoE uplinksvia Fabric Interconnects A and B.

Each server in the chassis canfail over its traffic to the alternate fabric if one interconnect fails.

This architecture guaranteesno single point of failure, which is essential inmission-critical environmentslike data centers and enterprise server farms.

To ensurehigh availability and fault tolerancein Cisco data center designs, two effective strategies include:

Redundant Supervisor Engines and Fabric Modules: These provide failover capabilities, so if one supervisor or fabric module fails, another can take over, maintaining network operations without interruption.

Virtual Port Channels (vPCs): vPCs allow connections to be made to two physical switches while appearing as one logical switch. This prevents loops and adds redundancy and load balancing, which is critical in high-availability environments.

Other options may enhance performance (e.g., high-density Ethernet) or extend functionality (e.g., FCIP), but do not directly contribute to fault tolerance and high availability in the same way.

When diagnosing network connectivity issues between a Windows PC and a Cisco device, the combination ofipconfig /allandpingcommands provides comprehensive information:​

ipconfig /all:Displays detailed IP configuration information, including IP addresses, subnet masks, default gateways, DNS servers, and MAC addresses for all network adapters. This information is crucial for verifying correct network settings.​

ping:Tests the reachability of a host on an IP network and measures the round-trip time for messages sent from the originating host to a destination computer. It's a fundamental tool for checking connectivity between devices.​

While other commands likenetstat,tracert,nslookup,arp -a, androute printprovide valuable information,ipconfig /allandpingare typically the first and most informative commands used in initial troubleshooting steps.​

The correct sequence for mounting a Cisco device in a rack is:​

Install mounting brackets: Attach the appropriate rack-mount brackets to the sides of the device using the screws provided. This step prepares the device for secure installation in the rack.​

Mount in rack: Carefully place the device into the rack, aligning the brackets with the rack posts, and secure it using the appropriate rack-mount screws.​

Ground the device: After the device is securely mounted, connect the grounding wire to the chassis grounding point and then to the facility ground. This step ensures safety and compliance with electrical standards.​

This sequence is recommended to ensure both the physical security of the device and the safety of personnel during installation.​

Step 1 → Performs power-on self-test (POST)

Step 2 → Loads and runs bootstrap code (firmware)

Step 3 → Finds and loads the Cisco IOS software

Step 4 → Finds and loads the configuration

Step 5 → Runs the configured Cisco IOS software

This startup process is thoroughly described in theFLDTECcourse and alignswith Cisco's standard IOS boot process:

POST (Power-On Self-Test):Verifies hardware functionality including memory and interfaces. This occurs immediately upon powering the device.

Bootstrap Code Execution:Bootstrap is a small program in ROM that initiates the boot process.

Cisco IOS Loading:Bootstrap locates and loads the IOS from flash memory or another source (e.g., TFTP).

Configuration Loading:The router then loads the startup-config from NVRAM (if available).

IOS Execution:Once the configuration is loaded, the device enters operational mode and executes the IOS with the loaded config.

This sequence is vital for field technicians to understand for troubleshooting boot failures or performing device recoveries.

Cisco Webex Callingis a cloud-based, enterprise-grade PBX (Private Branch Exchange) solution designed to provide comprehensive voice communication services via the Webex cloud platform. It enables IP phones and softphones to register to the cloud, allowing for centralized call control, voicemail, and collaboration features without the need for an on-premises call manager.

Cisco Hosted Collaboration Solutionsare partner-hosted services.

Webex Meetingssupports virtual video conferencing.

Webex Teams(now part of Webex App) supports messaging and collaboration, not PBX functionality.

Theserial numberfor Cisco switches is typically found on a label located on therear panel near the power supplies. This positioning allows technicians to quickly access identification information even when the device is not powered on.

This label is essential for inventory tracking, RMA procedures, and registration for support. Serial numbers are not typically placed on the top or bottom surfaces for devices mounted in a rack, as those areas are less accessible.

When configuring a terminal emulator (such as PuTTY, Tera Term, or HyperTerminal) to connect to the console port of a Cisco switch, the standard settings are as follows:​

Speed (baud rate): 9600This is the default transmission speed for Cisco console ports, ensuring compatibility across various devices.​

Data bits: 8This setting specifies that each character transmitted consists of 8 data bits, which is standard for most serial communications.​

Parity: NoneNo parity bit is used, meaning there is no additional error-checking bit appended to each character.​

Stop bits: 1One stop bit indicates the end of a character transmission.​

Flow control: NoneNo flow control is employed, allowing continuous data transmission without hardware or software-based pausing.​

Therefore, optionsC (Speed: 9600)andD (Data bits: 8)are correct. Options A (Stop bits: 2), B (Flow control: Hardware), and E (Parity: Even) deviate from the standard settings and may result in communication issues if configured.​

According toFLDTEC documentation and Cisco UCS architecture guides, each of these elements plays a distinct and essential role:

Fabric Interconnects (FI)– Act as the central switching and management point for the UCS domain, connecting servers to LAN and SAN.

Virtual Interface Cards (VICs)– Installed in servers, these adapters supportvirtualization of multiple NICs and HBAs, enabling dynamic profile assignment.

Fabric Extenders (FEXs)– Extend the I/O fabric from the FI to the chassis, reducing complexity and consolidating management.

Servers– Provide the actual compute resources and run workloads. These can bebladeorrack servershoused in the UCS chassis.

This structure is critical to theCisco Unified Fabric approach, which simplifies data center management through integration and automation.