Blockchain CBSA Dumps

Provenance means recording the history of data, from its inception to various stages of the data lifecycle. Provenance provides a detailed record of how the data was collected, where it was stored and how it is used. Blockchain holds complete provenance details of each component of data transfer. It is accessible to all the participants in a business network. It improves the system utilization and increases trust.

SHA stands for Secure Hash Algorithm. This is used to prove data integrity. The same input(s) will always produce the exact same output. This output is always 256 bits or 32 bytes in length regardless of the length of the input (even if input is millions of bytes).

Ethereum Smart Contracts run on compiled bytecode, which means that there can be several high-level languages which code can be written in. In particular, Ethereum has a number of languages available: 1. Solidity – the most popular language now (2018). 2. Vyper – A Language by Vitalik Buterin with an emphasis on security 3. LLL – “Low Level Lisp-like Language” 4. Mutan – Golang-like, deprecated in 2015 5. Serpent, Python-like, but seems to be no longer maintained 6. Bamboo

What are the drawbacks of Blockchain? Very new technology Constantly changing, evolving Not very many trained resources High cost for trained resources Best practices, recommended patterns still being formed Scalability, transaction speed / cost.

This eliminates the below challenges from PoW and believed to have an advantage.

No need of expensive hardware (a normal laptop or computer running the respective coin’s Validator client will do as long as your laptop or computer is online)

Energy efficient as it won’t consume high electricity as PoW does More loyal Validators As higher the stake the Validators have for a long time, more chances for the Validator to be picked up for “forging” and earn the transaction fee Faster validations

A search engine that allows users to easily lookup, confirm and validate transactions that have taken place on the Ethereum Blockchain

Non-fungible means unique. ERC is acronym of Ethereum Request for Comments. A standard allows for the implementation of a standard API for creating non-fungible tokens. To whom not familiar, ethereum, when launched during ICO, is using ERC-20 which ethereum coin can be broken down into smaller portion such as 0.000001. As you know, in coin, we don’t differentiate it by serial number. Government only uses “serial number” to track the note and not on coin. Hence, there is no way to distinguish or trace your coin and my coin. This behavior is same in Ethereum coin. Startup has found a way to use ERC-721 to create a unique and traceable coin in ethereum blockchain technology. This is a break through in blockchain technology.

Composer Modeling Language is an object-oriented modeling language that defines the domain model for a business network definition. The modeling language is saved as a .cto file.

The main disadvantages are huge expenditures, “uselessness” of computations and 51 percent attack.

Review Technical Whitepaper Corda network has one or more notary services which provide transaction ordering and timestamping services, thus abstracting the role miners play in other systems into a pluggable component.

Endorsing Peers (Endorsers) An endorser executes and endorses transactions. The endorsing peers take the role of endorsing transactions before they are ordered and committed as per the policy defined in Chaincode.

Gas is supposed to be the constant cost of network resources/utilization. You want the real cost of sending a transaction to always be the same, so you can’t really expect Gas to be issued, currencies in general are volatile. So instead, we issue ether whose value is supposed to vary, but also implement a Gas Price in terms of Ether. If the price of ether goes up, the Gas Price in terms of ether should go down to keep the real cost of Gas the same.

Blockchain 1.0, Grandpa Bitcoin

If you send off a transaction, then several fields have to be set. These include: • nonce: It is a sequence number for the sending account which counteracts replay attacks • gasprice: price offered to pay per gas • startgas: upper limit for the gas consumption • to: destination address (EoA or contract address) • value: Ether to transfer • data: Data to transfer • v, r, s: ECDA signature.

Chaincode is a decentralized transactional program, running on the validating nodes. As with every chaincode, it implements the Chaincode interface in particular, Init and Invoke functions. Init is called during Instantiate transaction after the chaincode container has been established for the first time, allowing the chaincode to initialize its internal data. Invoke is called to update or query the ledger in a proposal transaction. Updated state variables are not committed to the ledger until the transaction is committed.

Distributed Ledger manages the world state and the transaction log in the blockchain. The world state is defined as the state of all transactions on the Blockchain, where all nodes agree that all blocks on the Blockchain are at the same state. It implements three key attributes. It efficiently calculates the cryptographic hash of the entire dataset of each block. It efficiently transmits a minimal “delta” changes to the dataset, when a peer is out of sync and needs to “catch up”. It minimizes the amount of stored data required for each peer to operate.

The EVM is basically a sandboxed virtual machine running on every single node. It is Turing complete and a transaction-based state machine. The nodes reach consensus by executing all transactions. Only the miner node gets the block reward, all other nodes are just checking if the miner was “honest”.

Ripple is a real-time gross settlement system (RTGS), currency exchange and remittance network by Ripple.

Remember, that the block creation time is set to 10 minutes and this can never change. So after a fixed time of approximately 2 weeks or exactly 2016 blocks the difficulty is re-adjusted. Increase in difficulty means target decreases.

The merkle tree does not contain a list of all the transactions, rather a hash (digital fingerprint) of all transactions as a tree structure.

Smart contracts generally are not legal contracts. However, its possible that a smart contract could be accepted as a legal contract but not normally.